Pattern Recognition: Impact of Exercises Modes on Developing a Small Ball Throwing Skill in Boys Aged 8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.1.10Keywords:
boys aged 8, ball throwing, discriminant functionAbstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of exercises modes on developing a small ball throwing skill in boys aged 8.
Materials and methods. The study participants were 21 boys aged 8, who were randomly divided into three groups of 7 people. The children and their parents were fully informed about all the features of the study and gave their consent to participate in the experiment.
The study examined the influence of the number of repetitions on the effectiveness of teaching boys aged 8 throwing a small ball at a target. A pedagogical experiment examined the influence of 6, 12, and 18 repetitions with a 60-second rest interval on the increase in the level of proficiency in exercises of boys aged 8. In the first group, the boys repeated the task 6 times with a rest interval of 60 s, in the second group – 12 times with a rest interval of 60 s, in the third group 18 times with a rest interval of 60 s. When teaching throwing exercises during the class, the study evaluated the level of proficiency by the alternative method (“performed”, “failed”) and calculated the probability of exercise performance (p = n/m, where n is the number of successful attempts, m is the total number of attempts).
In teaching boys aged 8, the method of algorithmic instructions was used. The next exercise started after three successful attempts. Throwing a ball at a vertical target was taught.
The study materials were processed by the IBM SPSS 20 statistical analysis software. During discriminant analysis, a prognostic model for group membership was created.
Results. Discriminant analysis made it possible to determine the impact of the number of repetitions on the effectiveness of developing the skills of throwing a small ball at a target; answer the question as to how significantly the modes of repetitions differ by the effectiveness of motor skills development, what class the object belongs to based on the values of discriminant variables.
Conclusions. Based on the analysis of group centroids, it was found that in boys aged 8, six repetitions of the exercise (6 sets one time with a rest interval of 60 s) significantly influence the increase in the level of proficiency in exercises during physical education lessons.
The results of group classification show that 85.7% of the original grouped observations were classified correctly.
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References
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Barnett, L. M., Telford, R. M., Strugnell, C., Rudd, J., Olive, L. S., & Telford, R. D. (2019). Impact of cultural background on fundamental movement skill and its correlates. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(5), 492-499. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1508399
Bolger, L. A., Bolger, L. E., O’Neill, C., Coughlan, E., Lacey, S., O’Brien, W., & Burns, C. (2019). Fundamental Movement Skill Proficiency and Health Among a Cohort of Irish Primary School Children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 90(1), 24-35. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2018.1563271
Bolger, L. E., Bolger, L. A., O’Neill, C., Coughlan, E., O’Brien, W., Lacey, S., Burns, C., & Bardid, F. (2020). Global levels of fundamental motor skills in children: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1841405
Petrov, D., Khudolii, O., & Cieślicka, M. (2020). Motor Skills: Motor Fitness Structure of 9-Year-Old Boys. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 1(2), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2020.2.02
Shevchenko, T., Khudolii, O., & Potop, V. (2020). Motor Skills in Physical Fitness Structure of 8-Year-Old Girls. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 1(2), 64-69. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2020.2.03
Ivashchenko, O., Berezhna, H., & Cieślicka, M. (2020). Motor Skills in the Structure of Physical Fitness of 7-Year-Old Boys. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 1(1), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2020.1.02
Iermakov, S., Ivashchenko, O., & Khomiakov, O. (2020). Gender-Related Peculiarities of Motor Fitness of 8-Year-Old Schoolchildren. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 1(2), 75-81. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2020.2.05
Khudolii, O., Golovnin, V., & Bartík, P. (2020). Peculiarities of Motor Fitness Structure of 9-Year-Old Girls. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 1(2), 53-57. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2020.2.01
Afrouzeh, M., Musa, R. M., Suppiah, P. K., & Abdullah, M. R. (2020). Effect of modified equipment on the acquisition of motor task performance among children of low and high working memory capacity: A basketball-based experimental study. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(5), 2519-2525. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.05344
Khudolii, O. (2019). Research Program: Modeling of Young Gymnasts’ Training Process. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 19(4), 168-178. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2019.4.02
Hastie, P. A., Rudisill, M. E., Boyd, K., & Johnson, J. L. (2019). Examining the Pathway to Motor Skill Competence in a Mastery Motivational Climate: An Appreciative Inquiry. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 90(3), 259-269. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1593921
Kelly, L., O’Connor, S., Harrison, A. J., & Ní Chéilleachair, N. J. (2019). Does fundamental movement skill proficiency vary by sex, class group or weight status? Evidence from an Irish primary school setting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(9), 1055-1063. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1543833
Klingberg, B., Hoeboer, J. J. A. A. M., Schranz, N., Barnett, L. M., De Vries, S. I., & Ferrar, K. (2019). Validity and feasibility of an obstacle course to assess fundamental movement skills in a pre-school setting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(13), 1534-1542. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1575326
Lovric, F., Jelaska, I., Clark, C. C. T., Duncan, M., & Miletic, D. (2019). Validity and reliability of a bilateral assessment of locomotor skills in children. Acta Gymnica, 49(4), 181-188. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2019.018
Nobre, F. S. S., Valentini, N. C., & Rusidill, M. E. (2020). Applying the bioecological theory to the study of fundamental motor skills*. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 25(1), 29–48. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2019.1688772
Ivashchenko, O. (2020). Research Program: Modeling of Motor Abilities Development and Teaching of Schoolchildren. Teorìâ Ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 20(1), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.1.05
Ivashchenko, O., Nosko, M., Nosko, Y., & Chernenko, S. (2019). Pattern Recognition: Description of Modes of Teaching Boys Aged 7 Throwing a Small Ball at a Vertical Target. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 19(3), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2019.3.04
Kapkan, O., Khudolii, O., & Bartik, P. (2019a). Motor Skills Development: Optimization of Teaching Boys Aged 14. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 19(3), 148-155. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2019.3.06
Marchenko, S., & Taranenko, O. (2020). Managing the Effectiveness of Teaching Boys Aged 10 Mawashi-Geri (Roundhouse Kick) Technique in Kyokushin Karate. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 20(4), 262-268. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.4.10
Ivashchenko, O., Khudolii, O., Iermakov, S., Chernenko, S., & Honcharenko, O. (2018). Full factorial experiment and discriminant analysis in determining peculiarities of motor skills development in boys aged 9. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(s4), 1958-1965. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.s4289
Ivashchenko, O., Iermakov, S., Khudolii, O., Cretu, M., & Potop, V. (2017). Level of physical exercises’ mastering in structure of 11-13 yrs age boys’ motor fitness. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 21(5), 236-43. https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2017.0506
Marchenko, S., & Kovalenko, K. (2020). Optimization of Teaching Boys Aged 10 Mae-Geri (Front Kick) Technique in Kyokushin Karate. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 1(1), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2020.1.05
Khudolii, O., Iermakov, S., Ivashchenko, O., & Nosko, M. (2020). Strength Abilities: Modeling of Immediate and Delayed Training Effect of Strength Loads in Boys Aged 8 Years. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 20(4), 248-255. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.4.08
Iermakov, S., Ivashchenko, O., Khudolii, O., & Chernenko, S. (2020). Strength Abilities: Assessment of Training Effects of Strength Loads in Boys Aged 8 Years. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 20(3), 174-181. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.3.07
Kapkan, O., Khudolii, O., & Bartik, P. (2019b). Pattern Recognition: Motor Skills Development in Girls Aged 15. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 19(1), 44-52. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2019.1.06
Ivashchenko, O., Khudolii, O., Iermakov, S., & Harkusha, S. (2017). Physical exercises’ mastering level in classification of motor preparedness of 11-13 years old boys. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17(3), 1031-1036. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2017.03158
Abhaydev, C. S., Bhukar, J., & Thapa, R. (2020). Effects of IAAF Kid’s Athletics Programme on Psychological and Motor Abilities of Sedentary School Going Children. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 20(4), 234-241. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.4.06
Gert-Jan de Bruijn, & Benjamin Gardner (2011) Active Commuting and Habit Strength: An Interactive and Discriminant Analyses Approach. American Journal of Health Promotion, 25(3), e27-e36. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.090521-QUAN-170
Lulzim, I., (2013) Discriminant analysis of morphologic and motor parameters of athlete and non athlete girl pupils of primary school on age 14 to 15 years. RIK, 40(2), 185-190. http://fsprm.mk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Pages-from-Spisanie-RIK-br.-2-2012-9.pdf
Geoffrey D. Broadhead, & Gabie E. Church. (1982). Discriminant Analysis of Gross and Fine Motor Proficiency Data. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 55(2), 547-552. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1982.55.2.547
Chang, S. H., Ward, P., & Goodway, J. D. (2020). The effect of a content knowledge teacher professional workshop on enacted pedagogical content knowledge and student learning in a throwing unit. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 25(5), 493-508. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2020.1743252
Barnett, L. M., Telford, R. M., Strugnell, C., Rudd, J., Olive, L. S., & Telford, R. D. (2019). Impact of cultural background on fundamental movement skill and its correlates. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(5), 492-499. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1508399
Bolger, L. A., Bolger, L. E., O’Neill, C., Coughlan, E., Lacey, S., O’Brien, W., & Burns, C. (2019). Fundamental Movement Skill Proficiency and Health Among a Cohort of Irish Primary School Children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 90(1), 24-35. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2018.1563271
Bolger, L. E., Bolger, L. A., O’Neill, C., Coughlan, E., O’Brien, W., Lacey, S., Burns, C., & Bardid, F. (2020). Global levels of fundamental motor skills in children: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1841405
Petrov, D., Khudolii, O., & Cieślicka, M. (2020). Motor Skills: Motor Fitness Structure of 9-Year-Old Boys. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 1(2), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2020.2.02
Shevchenko, T., Khudolii, O., & Potop, V. (2020). Motor Skills in Physical Fitness Structure of 8-Year-Old Girls. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 1(2), 64-69. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2020.2.03
Ivashchenko, O., Berezhna, H., & Cieślicka, M. (2020). Motor Skills in the Structure of Physical Fitness of 7-Year-Old Boys. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 1(1), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2020.1.02
Iermakov, S., Ivashchenko, O., & Khomiakov, O. (2020). Gender-Related Peculiarities of Motor Fitness of 8-Year-Old Schoolchildren. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 1(2), 75-81. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2020.2.05
Khudolii, O., Golovnin, V., & Bartík, P. (2020). Peculiarities of Motor Fitness Structure of 9-Year-Old Girls. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 1(2), 53-57. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2020.2.01
Afrouzeh, M., Musa, R. M., Suppiah, P. K., & Abdullah, M. R. (2020). Effect of modified equipment on the acquisition of motor task performance among children of low and high working memory capacity: A basketball-based experimental study. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(5), 2519-2525. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.05344
Khudolii, O. (2019). Research Program: Modeling of Young Gymnasts’ Training Process. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 19(4), 168-178. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2019.4.02
Hastie, P. A., Rudisill, M. E., Boyd, K., & Johnson, J. L. (2019). Examining the Pathway to Motor Skill Competence in a Mastery Motivational Climate: An Appreciative Inquiry. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 90(3), 259-269. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1593921
Kelly, L., O’Connor, S., Harrison, A. J., & Ní Chéilleachair, N. J. (2019). Does fundamental movement skill proficiency vary by sex, class group or weight status? Evidence from an Irish primary school setting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(9), 1055-1063. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1543833
Klingberg, B., Hoeboer, J. J. A. A. M., Schranz, N., Barnett, L. M., De Vries, S. I., & Ferrar, K. (2019). Validity and feasibility of an obstacle course to assess fundamental movement skills in a pre-school setting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(13), 1534-1542. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1575326
Lovric, F., Jelaska, I., Clark, C. C. T., Duncan, M., & Miletic, D. (2019). Validity and reliability of a bilateral assessment of locomotor skills in children. Acta Gymnica, 49(4), 181-188. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2019.018
Nobre, F. S. S., Valentini, N. C., & Rusidill, M. E. (2020). Applying the bioecological theory to the study of fundamental motor skills*. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 25(1), 29–48. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2019.1688772
Ivashchenko, O. (2020). Research Program: Modeling of Motor Abilities Development and Teaching of Schoolchildren. Teorìâ Ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 20(1), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.1.05
Ivashchenko, O., Nosko, M., Nosko, Y., & Chernenko, S. (2019). Pattern Recognition: Description of Modes of Teaching Boys Aged 7 Throwing a Small Ball at a Vertical Target. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 19(3), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2019.3.04
Kapkan, O., Khudolii, O., & Bartik, P. (2019a). Motor Skills Development: Optimization of Teaching Boys Aged 14. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 19(3), 148-155. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2019.3.06
Marchenko, S., & Taranenko, O. (2020). Managing the Effectiveness of Teaching Boys Aged 10 Mawashi-Geri (Roundhouse Kick) Technique in Kyokushin Karate. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 20(4), 262-268. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.4.10
Ivashchenko, O., Khudolii, O., Iermakov, S., Chernenko, S., & Honcharenko, O. (2018). Full factorial experiment and discriminant analysis in determining peculiarities of motor skills development in boys aged 9. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(s4), 1958-1965. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.s4289
Ivashchenko, O., Iermakov, S., Khudolii, O., Cretu, M., & Potop, V. (2017). Level of physical exercises’ mastering in structure of 11-13 yrs age boys’ motor fitness. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 21(5), 236-43. https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2017.0506
Marchenko, S., & Kovalenko, K. (2020). Optimization of Teaching Boys Aged 10 Mae-Geri (Front Kick) Technique in Kyokushin Karate. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 1(1), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2020.1.05
Khudolii, O., Iermakov, S., Ivashchenko, O., & Nosko, M. (2020). Strength Abilities: Modeling of Immediate and Delayed Training Effect of Strength Loads in Boys Aged 8 Years. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 20(4), 248-255. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.4.08
Iermakov, S., Ivashchenko, O., Khudolii, O., & Chernenko, S. (2020). Strength Abilities: Assessment of Training Effects of Strength Loads in Boys Aged 8 Years. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 20(3), 174-181. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.3.07
Kapkan, O., Khudolii, O., & Bartik, P. (2019b). Pattern Recognition: Motor Skills Development in Girls Aged 15. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 19(1), 44-52. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2019.1.06
Ivashchenko, O., Khudolii, O., Iermakov, S., & Harkusha, S. (2017). Physical exercises’ mastering level in classification of motor preparedness of 11-13 years old boys. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17(3), 1031-1036. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2017.03158
Abhaydev, C. S., Bhukar, J., & Thapa, R. (2020). Effects of IAAF Kid’s Athletics Programme on Psychological and Motor Abilities of Sedentary School Going Children. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 20(4), 234-241. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.4.06
Gert-Jan de Bruijn, & Benjamin Gardner (2011) Active Commuting and Habit Strength: An Interactive and Discriminant Analyses Approach. American Journal of Health Promotion, 25(3), e27-e36. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.090521-QUAN-170
Lulzim, I., (2013) Discriminant analysis of morphologic and motor parameters of athlete and non athlete girl pupils of primary school on age 14 to 15 years. RIK, 40(2), 185-190. http://fsprm.mk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Pages-from-Spisanie-RIK-br.-2-2012-9.pdf
Geoffrey D. Broadhead, & Gabie E. Church. (1982). Discriminant Analysis of Gross and Fine Motor Proficiency Data. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 55(2), 547-552. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1982.55.2.547
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Published
2021-03-25
How to Cite
Iermakov, S., Ivashchenko, O., Khudolii, O., Chernenko, S., Veremeenko, V., & Zelenskyi, B. (2021). Pattern Recognition: Impact of Exercises Modes on Developing a Small Ball Throwing Skill in Boys Aged 8. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(1), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.1.10
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