Pattern Recognition: Age-Specific Features of Fundamental Movement Skills Formation in Elementary School Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.3.19Keywords:
fundamental movement skills, boys, discriminant analysisAbstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the age-specific features of fundamental movement skills formation in elementary school students.
Materials and methods. The study participants were boys aged 7 to 10 (24 boys aged 7; 28 boys aged 8; 35 boys aged 9; 36 boys aged 10). The children and their parents or legal guardians were fully informed about all the special aspects of the study and all the parents or legal guardians gave their consent thereto. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University.
The features of teaching 7–10-year-old boys to throw a ball at a vertical target were investigated. The proficiency level in throwing exercises in class was assessed using an alternative method (“performed”, “failed”), the probability of the exercise performance was calculated (p = n/m, where n is the number of successful attempts, m is the total number of attempts). A method of algorithmic instructions was used in teaching boys aged 7 to 10. The study materials were processed by IBM SPSS 20 statistical analysis software. A discriminant analysis was conducted.
Results. It was established that the first canonical function explains 64.5% of the variation in results, while the second one does 34.4%, which indicates their high informativity (r1 = 0.762; r2 = 0.652). The materials of the canonical function analysis show the statistical significance of the first and second canonical functions (λ1 = 0.236; р1 = 0.001; λ2 = 0.5633; р2 = 0.001). The first and second functions have a high discriminative ability and value in interpretation with respect to the general population.
Conclusions. The discriminant analysis made it possible to determine the age-specific features of throwing skills formation in boys aged 7 to 10; answer the questions to which extent the differences in the effectiveness of skills formation in boys aged 7 to 10 are significant; which motor tasks are the most specific to boys aged 7, 8, 9, 10; which class an object belongs to based on the values of discriminant variables.
It was established that the level of proficiency in exercise 4 “Throwing a ball forward-upward standing with the left side to the throwing direction” has the greatest effect on the process of throwing movement skills formation in boys aged 7 to 10. For boys aged 8 to 10, such an exercise is “Throwing a ball forward-upward standing feet apart”, and for boys aged 9 to 10, such an exercise is “Throwing a ball at a target 3 m away”.
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References
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Cools, W., de Kristine, M., Samaey, C., & Andries, C. (2011). Fundamental movement skill performance of preschool children in relation to family context. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(7), 649-660. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.551540
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Nurulfa, R., Lubis, J., Dlis, F., Aninggar, R., & Mamesah, E. (2021). Fundamental movement skills project: Efforts to keep children in Indonesia active during the pandemic. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21, 2350-2356. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2021.s4315
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Akbar, Z., Awalludin, & Tohar, K. (2021). Fundamental movement skills and sensory movement strategies to support online learning in early childhood. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21, 2364-2371. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2021.s4317
Basman, A. J. (2019). Assessment criteria of fundamental movement skills for various age groups: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(1), 722-732. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.01104
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Sulistiyono, S., Akhiruyanto, A., Primasoni, N., Arjuna, F., Santoso, N., & Yudhistira, D. (2021). The Effect of 10 Weeks Game Experience Learning (Gel) Based Training on Teamwork, Respect Attitude, Skill and Physical Ability in Young Football Players. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(2), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.2.11
Samsudin, S., Setiawan, I., Taufik, M., & Solahuddin, S. (2021). Volleyball Fundamental Movement Learning Model in Primary School. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(3), 194-199. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.3.02
Dudley, D., Okely, A., Pearson, P., & Cotton, W. (2011). A systematic review of the effectiveness of physical education and school sport interventions targeting physical activity, movement skills and enjoyment of physical activity. European Physical Education Review, 17(3), 353-378. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X11416734
Marchenko, S., & Handymov, B. (2021). Development of Strength Abilities Using Play Techniques with Elements of Martial Arts at the Sports and Recreational Stage in 10-Year-Old Girls. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 2(2), 68-74. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2021.2.03
Marchenko, S., & Satdyiev, B. (2021). Effectiveness of Using Active Games for Strength Development in 10-Year-Old Boys at the Initial Training Stage in Kyokushin Karate. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(1), 84-89. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.1.11
Ivashchenko, O., Nosko, M., Nosko, Y., & Chernenko, S. (2019). Pattern Recognition: Description of Modes of Teaching Boys Aged 7 Throwing a Small Ball at a Vertical Target. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 19(3), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2019.3.04
Ivashchenko, O., Khudolii, O., Iermakov, S., Chernenko, S., & Honcharenko, O. (2018). Full factorial experiment and discriminant analysis in determining peculiarities of motor skills development in boys aged 9. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18, 1958–1965. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.s4289
Ivanov, D., Ivashchenko, O., & Bartík, P. (2021). Pattern Recognition: Effectiveness of Teaching Boys Aged 15 a Cartwheel. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 2(3), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2021.3.01
Kalistratova, І., & Khudolii, О. (2021). Pattern Recognition: Effectiveness of Teaching Girls Aged 14 the Cartwheel. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 2(3), 140-145. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2021.3.06
Bezzub, A., Khudolii, O., & Muszkieta, R. (2021). Pattern Recognition: Modes of Developing Motor Skills of Acrobatic Exercises in Boys Aged 14. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 2(1), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2021.1.06
Suprun, A., Ivashchenko, O., & Cieślicka, M. (2021). Didactics: Peculiarities of Programmed Teaching of a Cartwheel to Boys Aged 14. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 2(3), 128-133. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2021.3.04
Shueva, A., Ivashchenko, O., & Jagiello, W. (2021). Motor Skills Development: Peculiarities of Programmed Teaching of Acrobatic Exercises to Girls Aged 15. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(4), 350-356. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.4.10
Pambudi, A., Sugiyanto, S., Hidayatullah, F., & Purnama, S. (2021). Physical Activity Model to Develop Basic Movement Skills in Kindergarten Students Based on Physical Literacy. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(4), 323-329. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.4.06
Septaliza, D., Hanif, A., & Yusmawati, Y. (2022). Jump Movement Skills Pattern Among Indonesia Mentally Retarded Children Using D-Mat. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(1), 128-133. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.1.18
Medko, D., & Khudolii, O. (2021). Pattern Recognition: Effectiveness of Teaching Girls Aged 15 Acrobatic Exercises. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 2(3), 134-139. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2021.3.05
Marchenko, S., Ivashchenko, O., Jagiello, W., Iermakov, S., Khudolii, O., & Yermakova, T. (2022). Discriminant analysis: Features of training 10-year-old boys in the technique of kicks in kyokushin karate. Archives of Budo, 18, 1-11.
Marchenko, S., Jagiello, W., Iermakov, S., Ivashchenko, O., & Khudolii, O. (2021). Pattern recognition: Modes of teaching boys aged 10 mae-geri (front kick) technique in kyokushin karate. Archives of Budo, 17, 253-261.
Marchenko, S., & Taranenko, O. (2020). Managing the Effectiveness of Teaching Boys Aged 10 Mawashi-Geri (Roundhouse Kick) Technique in Kyokushin Karate. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 20(4), 262-268. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.4.10
Djordjevic, I., Valkova, H., & Petkovic, E. (2021). Differences of Motor Proficiency in Preschool Girls Related to Organized Physical Activity. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(4), 357-364. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.4.11
Milić, M., Milavić, B., & Grgantov, Z. (2011). Relations between sport involvement, selfesteem, sport motivation and types of computer usage in adolescents. In S. Simović (Ed.), Proceedings of 3rd International Scientific Congress “Anthropological Aspects of Sport, Physical Education and Recreation”. November 2011. Banja Luka: University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport.
Gert-Jan de Bruijn and Benjamin Gardner (2011) Active Commuting and Habit Strength: An Interactive and Discriminant Analyses Approach. American Journal of Health Promotion, 25(3), e27-e36. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.090521-QUAN-170
Lulzim, I., (2013) Discriminant analysis of morphologic and motor parameters of athlete and non athlete girl pupils of primary school on age 14 to 15 years. RIK(2012), 40(2), 185-190.
Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D. F., & Lubans, D. R. (2018). Development of Foundational Movement Skills: A Conceptual Model for Physical Activity Across the Lifespan. Sports Medicine, 48(7), 1533-1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0892-6
Kalaja, S., Jaakkola, T., Liukkonen, J., & Watt, A. (2010). Fundamental movement skills and motivational factors influencing engagement in physical activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 111(1), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.2466/06.10.25.PMS.111.4.115-128
Lai, S. K., Costigan, S. A., Morgan, P. J., Lubans, D. R., Stodden, D. F., Salmon, J., & Barnett, L. M. (2014). Do school-based interventions focusing on physical activity, fitness, or fundamental movement skill competency produce a sustained impact in these outcomes in children and adolescents? A systematic review of follow-up studies. Sports Medicine, 44(1), 67-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0099-9
Chan, C., Ha, A., & Ng, J. Y. Y. (2016). Improving fundamental movement skills in Hong Kong students through an assessment for learning intervention that emphasizes fun, mastery, and support: The A + FMS randomized controlled trial study protocol. SpringerPlus, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2517-6
Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., Cliff, D. P., Barnett, L. M., & Okely, A. D. (2010). Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents: Review of associated health benefits. Sports Medicine, 40(12), 1019-1035. https://doi.org/10.2165/11536850-000000000-00000
Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D., Cohen, K. E., Smith, J. J., Lubans, D. R., Lenoir, M., Iivonen, S., Miller, A. D., Laukkanen, A., Dudley, D., Lander, N. J., Brown, H., & Morgan, P. J. (2016). Fundamental movement skills: An important focus. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 35(3), 219-225. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2014-0209
Barnett, L. M., van Beurden, E., Morgan, P. J., Brooks, L. O., & Beard, J. R. (2009). Childhood Motor Skill Proficiency as a Predictor of Adolescent Physical Activity. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(3), 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.07.004
Cools, W., de Kristine, M., Samaey, C., & Andries, C. (2011). Fundamental movement skill performance of preschool children in relation to family context. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(7), 649-660. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.551540
Mathisen, G. E. (2016). Motor competence and implications in primary school. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 16(1), 206-209.
Nurulfa, R., Lubis, J., Dlis, F., Aninggar, R., & Mamesah, E. (2021). Fundamental movement skills project: Efforts to keep children in Indonesia active during the pandemic. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21, 2350-2356. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2021.s4315
Fernández-Valero, P., Soto-Sánchez, J., Páez, J., Leyton-Dinamarca, B., Kain, J., Hurtado, J., & Reyes-Amigo, T. (2021). Fundamental movement skills and physical activity recommendations for preschool children. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21, 3286-3293. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2021.s6436
Akbar, Z., Awalludin, & Tohar, K. (2021). Fundamental movement skills and sensory movement strategies to support online learning in early childhood. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21, 2364-2371. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2021.s4317
Basman, A. J. (2019). Assessment criteria of fundamental movement skills for various age groups: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(1), 722-732. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.01104
Iermakov, S., Ivashchenko, O., Khudolii, O., Chernenko, S., Veremeenko, V., & Zelenskyi, B. (2021). Pattern Recognition: Impact of Exercises Modes on Developing a Small Ball Throwing Skill in Boys Aged 8. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(1), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.1.10
Sulistiyono, S., Akhiruyanto, A., Primasoni, N., Arjuna, F., Santoso, N., & Yudhistira, D. (2021). The Effect of 10 Weeks Game Experience Learning (Gel) Based Training on Teamwork, Respect Attitude, Skill and Physical Ability in Young Football Players. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(2), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.2.11
Samsudin, S., Setiawan, I., Taufik, M., & Solahuddin, S. (2021). Volleyball Fundamental Movement Learning Model in Primary School. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(3), 194-199. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.3.02
Dudley, D., Okely, A., Pearson, P., & Cotton, W. (2011). A systematic review of the effectiveness of physical education and school sport interventions targeting physical activity, movement skills and enjoyment of physical activity. European Physical Education Review, 17(3), 353-378. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X11416734
Marchenko, S., & Handymov, B. (2021). Development of Strength Abilities Using Play Techniques with Elements of Martial Arts at the Sports and Recreational Stage in 10-Year-Old Girls. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 2(2), 68-74. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2021.2.03
Marchenko, S., & Satdyiev, B. (2021). Effectiveness of Using Active Games for Strength Development in 10-Year-Old Boys at the Initial Training Stage in Kyokushin Karate. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(1), 84-89. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.1.11
Ivashchenko, O., Nosko, M., Nosko, Y., & Chernenko, S. (2019). Pattern Recognition: Description of Modes of Teaching Boys Aged 7 Throwing a Small Ball at a Vertical Target. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 19(3), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2019.3.04
Ivashchenko, O., Khudolii, O., Iermakov, S., Chernenko, S., & Honcharenko, O. (2018). Full factorial experiment and discriminant analysis in determining peculiarities of motor skills development in boys aged 9. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18, 1958–1965. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.s4289
Ivanov, D., Ivashchenko, O., & Bartík, P. (2021). Pattern Recognition: Effectiveness of Teaching Boys Aged 15 a Cartwheel. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 2(3), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2021.3.01
Kalistratova, І., & Khudolii, О. (2021). Pattern Recognition: Effectiveness of Teaching Girls Aged 14 the Cartwheel. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 2(3), 140-145. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2021.3.06
Bezzub, A., Khudolii, O., & Muszkieta, R. (2021). Pattern Recognition: Modes of Developing Motor Skills of Acrobatic Exercises in Boys Aged 14. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 2(1), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2021.1.06
Suprun, A., Ivashchenko, O., & Cieślicka, M. (2021). Didactics: Peculiarities of Programmed Teaching of a Cartwheel to Boys Aged 14. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 2(3), 128-133. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2021.3.04
Shueva, A., Ivashchenko, O., & Jagiello, W. (2021). Motor Skills Development: Peculiarities of Programmed Teaching of Acrobatic Exercises to Girls Aged 15. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(4), 350-356. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.4.10
Pambudi, A., Sugiyanto, S., Hidayatullah, F., & Purnama, S. (2021). Physical Activity Model to Develop Basic Movement Skills in Kindergarten Students Based on Physical Literacy. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(4), 323-329. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.4.06
Septaliza, D., Hanif, A., & Yusmawati, Y. (2022). Jump Movement Skills Pattern Among Indonesia Mentally Retarded Children Using D-Mat. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(1), 128-133. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.1.18
Medko, D., & Khudolii, O. (2021). Pattern Recognition: Effectiveness of Teaching Girls Aged 15 Acrobatic Exercises. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 2(3), 134-139. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2021.3.05
Marchenko, S., Ivashchenko, O., Jagiello, W., Iermakov, S., Khudolii, O., & Yermakova, T. (2022). Discriminant analysis: Features of training 10-year-old boys in the technique of kicks in kyokushin karate. Archives of Budo, 18, 1-11.
Marchenko, S., Jagiello, W., Iermakov, S., Ivashchenko, O., & Khudolii, O. (2021). Pattern recognition: Modes of teaching boys aged 10 mae-geri (front kick) technique in kyokushin karate. Archives of Budo, 17, 253-261.
Marchenko, S., & Taranenko, O. (2020). Managing the Effectiveness of Teaching Boys Aged 10 Mawashi-Geri (Roundhouse Kick) Technique in Kyokushin Karate. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 20(4), 262-268. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.4.10
Djordjevic, I., Valkova, H., & Petkovic, E. (2021). Differences of Motor Proficiency in Preschool Girls Related to Organized Physical Activity. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 21(4), 357-364. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.4.11
Milić, M., Milavić, B., & Grgantov, Z. (2011). Relations between sport involvement, selfesteem, sport motivation and types of computer usage in adolescents. In S. Simović (Ed.), Proceedings of 3rd International Scientific Congress “Anthropological Aspects of Sport, Physical Education and Recreation”. November 2011. Banja Luka: University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport.
Gert-Jan de Bruijn and Benjamin Gardner (2011) Active Commuting and Habit Strength: An Interactive and Discriminant Analyses Approach. American Journal of Health Promotion, 25(3), e27-e36. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.090521-QUAN-170
Lulzim, I., (2013) Discriminant analysis of morphologic and motor parameters of athlete and non athlete girl pupils of primary school on age 14 to 15 years. RIK(2012), 40(2), 185-190.
Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D. F., & Lubans, D. R. (2018). Development of Foundational Movement Skills: A Conceptual Model for Physical Activity Across the Lifespan. Sports Medicine, 48(7), 1533-1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0892-6
Kalaja, S., Jaakkola, T., Liukkonen, J., & Watt, A. (2010). Fundamental movement skills and motivational factors influencing engagement in physical activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 111(1), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.2466/06.10.25.PMS.111.4.115-128
Lai, S. K., Costigan, S. A., Morgan, P. J., Lubans, D. R., Stodden, D. F., Salmon, J., & Barnett, L. M. (2014). Do school-based interventions focusing on physical activity, fitness, or fundamental movement skill competency produce a sustained impact in these outcomes in children and adolescents? A systematic review of follow-up studies. Sports Medicine, 44(1), 67-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0099-9
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2022-09-23
How to Cite
Yunak, I., Ivashchenko, O., Nosko, M., & Nosko, Y. (2022). Pattern Recognition: Age-Specific Features of Fundamental Movement Skills Formation in Elementary School Students. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(3), 430–436. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.3.19
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