Increasing Physical Activity and Fundamental Movement Skills of Primary School Students during the Covid-19 through Exergame
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.4.01Keywords:
Exergame, Fundamental movement skills, Physical activity, ExperimentalAbstract
Study purpose. The low physical activity and fundamental movement skills of students in the COVID-19 era are gaps in this study. This study aims to exam the effects of exergame on the physical activity and fundamental movement skills of students during the COVID-19 era.
Materials and methods. Quantitative research with experimental methods was used in this study. The subjects of this study came from students at primary schools 1 and 2 in Karawang (n = 120). Subjects from primary school 1 Karawang entered the experimental group (n = 60), namely getting treatment in the form of exergame, and subjects from primary school 2 Karawang were included in the control group (n = 60) who did not receive any treatment and only carried out physical education learning activities. The intervention program was carried out for seven weeks. To measure the physical activity of the students, the ActiGraph GT9X Link accelerometer was used, and the fundamental movement skills of the children were assessed using the TGMD-3.
Results. The results showed that the implementation of exergame was proven to significantly improve physical activity (p < 0.05) and the same results show that exergame has a significant effect on fundamental movement skills (p < 0.05). However, there was no increase in physical activity and fundamental movement skills in the control group (p > 0.05).
Conclusions. This research is evidence that exergame is an effective tool to improve physical activity and fundamental movement skills students during the COVID-19 era.
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References
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Xiang, M., Zhang, Z., & Kuwahara, K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents’ lifestyle behavior larger than expected. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 63(4), 531-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013
Puccinelli, P. J., da Costa, T. S., Seffrin, A., de Lira, C. A. B., Vancini, R. L., Nikolaidis, P. T., Knechtle, B., Rosemann, T., Hill, L., & Andrade, M. S. (2021). Reduced level of physical activity during COVID-19 pandemic is associated with depression and anxiety levels: an internet-based survey. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10684-1
Woods, J. A., Hutchinson, N. T., Powers, S. K., Roberts, W. O., Gomez-cabrera, M. C., Radak, Z., Berkes, I., Boros, A., Boldogh, I., Marzetti, E., Cheng, Y., Liu, J., Durstine, J. L., Sun, J., & Li, L. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 2(May), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2020.05.006
Violant-Holz, V., Gallego-Jiménez, M. G., González-González, C. S., Muñoz-Violant, S., Rodríguez, M. J., Sansano-Nadal, O., & Guerra-Balic, M. (2020). Psychological health and physical activity levels during the covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249419
Dobell, A., Pringle, A., Faghy, M. A., & Roscoe, C. M. P. (2020). Fundamental Movement Skills and Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity Levels during Early Childhood: A Systematic Review. Children, 7(11), 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7110224
Foulkes, J. D., Knowles, Z., Fairclough, S. J., Stratton, G., O’Dwyer, M., Ridgers, N. D., & Foweather, L. (2015). Fundamental movement skills of preschool children in Northwest England. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 121(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2466/10.25.PMS.121c14x0
Jones, D., Innerd, A., Giles, E. L., & Azevedo, L. B. (2020). Association between fundamental motor skills and physical activity in the early years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(6), 542-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.03.001
Bai, P., Thornton, A., Lester, L., Schipperijn, J., Trapp, G., Boruff, B., … Christian, H. (2020). Nature Play and Fundamental Movement Skills Training Programs Improve Childcare Educator Supportive Physical Activity Behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article, 17(223), 1-16. https://doi.org/doi:10.3390/ijerph17010223
O’Brien, W., Belton, S., & Issartel, J. (2016). Fundamental movement skill proficiency amongst adolescent youth. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 21(6), 557-571. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2015.1017451
Grainger, F., Innerd, A., Graham, M., & Wright, M. (2020). Integrated Strength and Fundamental Movement Skill Training in Children: A Pilot Study. Children, 7(10), 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7100161
Burhaein, E. (2017). Aktivitas Fisik Olahraga untuk Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Siswa SD. Indonesian Journal of Primary Education, 1(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijpe.v1i1.7497
Kappen, D. L., Mirza-Babaei, P., & Nacke, L. E. (2019). Older Adults’ Physical Activity and Exergames: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 35(2), 140-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2018.1441253
Moholdt, T., Weie, S., Chorianopoulos, K., Wang, A. I., & Hagen, K. (2017a). Exergaming can be an innovative way of enjoyable high-intensity interval training. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000258
Adcock, M., Fankhauser, M., Post, J., Lutz, K., & Zizlsperger, L. (2020). Effects of an In-home Multicomponent Exergame Training on Physical Functions, Cognition, and Brain Volume of Older Adults : A Randomized Controlled Trial. CLINICAL TRIAL, 6(January), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00321
Yu, T. C., Chiang, C. H., Wu, P. T., Wu, W. L., & Chu, I. H. (2020). Effects of exergames on physical fitness in middle- aged and older adults in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072565
Monedero, J., Murphy, E. E., & O’Gorman, D. J. (2017). Energy expenditure and affect responses to different types of active video game and exercise. PLoS ONE, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176213
Andrade, A., Mayron da Cruz, W., Correia, C. K., Goya Santos, A. L., & Bevilacqua, G. G. (2020). Effect of practice exergames on the mood states and self-esteem of elementary school boys and girls during physical education classes: A cluster-randomized controlled natural experiment. PLoS ONE, 15(6), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232392
Soltani, P., Figueiredo, P., & Vilas-boas, J. P. (2020). Does exergaming drive future physical activity and sport intentions ? Journal of Health Psychology, 1, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320909866
Wu, Z., Li, J., & Theng, Y. L. (2015). Examining the Influencing Factors of Exercise Intention among Older Adults: A Controlled Study between Exergame and Traditional Exercise. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(9), 521-527. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0065
Gao, Zan, Zeng, N., Pope, Z. C., Wang, R., & Yu, F. (2019). Effects of exergaming on motor skill competence, perceived competence, and physical activity in preschool children. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 106-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.12.001
Behan, S., Belton, S., Peers, C., O’Connor, N. E., & Issartel, J. (2019). Moving Well-Being Well: Investigating the maturation of fundamental movement skill proficiency across sex in Irish children aged five to twelve. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(22), 2604-2612. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1651144
Pedersen, S. J., Cooley, P. D., & Cruickshank, V. J. (2016). Caution regarding exergames: a skill acquisition perspective. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 22(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2016.1176131
Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D. F., & Lubans, D. R. (2018). Development of Foundational Movement Skills: A Conceptual Model for Physical Activity Across the Lifespan. Sports Medicine, 48(7), 1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0892-6
Vernadakis, N., Papastergiou, M., Zetou, E., & Antoniou, P. (2015). The impact of an exergame-based intervention on children’s fundamental motor skills. Computers and Education, 83(January), 90-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.01.001
Villafaina, S., Borrega-mouquinho, Y., Fuentes-garcía, J. P., Collado-mateo, D., & Gusi, N. (2020). Effect of exergame training and detraining on lower-body strength, agility, and cardiorespiratory fitness in women with fibromyalgia: Single-blinded randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010161
Polechoński, J., Dȩbska, M., & Dȩbski, P. G. (2019). Exergaming can be a health-related aerobic physical activity. BioMed Research International, 2019(June), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1890527
Huang, K. T. (2020). Exergaming Executive Functions: An Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Training for Adults Aged 50 and Older. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(3), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0269
Lee, S., Kim, W., Park, T., & Peng, W. (2017). The Psychological Effects of Playing Exergames: A Systematic Review. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(9), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0183
Fogel, V. A., Miltenberger, R. G., Graves, R., & Koehler, S. (2010). The Effects Of exergaming On physical Activity among Inactive Children in a Physical Education class room. Journal Of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43(4), 591-600. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2010.43-591
Van Santen, J., Dröes, R. M., Holstege, M., Henkemans, O. B., Van Rijn, A., De Vries, R., … Meiland, F. (2018). Effects of Exergaming in People with Dementia: Results of a Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 63(2), 741-760. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170667
Moholdt, T., Weie, S., Chorianopoulos, K., Wang, A. I., & Hagen, K. (2017b). Exergaming can be an innovative way of enjoyable high-intensity interval training. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000258
Xiang, M., Zhang, Z., & Kuwahara, K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents’ lifestyle behavior larger than expected. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 63(4), 531-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013
Puccinelli, P. J., da Costa, T. S., Seffrin, A., de Lira, C. A. B., Vancini, R. L., Nikolaidis, P. T., Knechtle, B., Rosemann, T., Hill, L., & Andrade, M. S. (2021). Reduced level of physical activity during COVID-19 pandemic is associated with depression and anxiety levels: an internet-based survey. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10684-1
Woods, J. A., Hutchinson, N. T., Powers, S. K., Roberts, W. O., Gomez-cabrera, M. C., Radak, Z., Berkes, I., Boros, A., Boldogh, I., Marzetti, E., Cheng, Y., Liu, J., Durstine, J. L., Sun, J., & Li, L. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 2(May), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2020.05.006
Violant-Holz, V., Gallego-Jiménez, M. G., González-González, C. S., Muñoz-Violant, S., Rodríguez, M. J., Sansano-Nadal, O., & Guerra-Balic, M. (2020). Psychological health and physical activity levels during the covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249419
Dobell, A., Pringle, A., Faghy, M. A., & Roscoe, C. M. P. (2020). Fundamental Movement Skills and Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity Levels during Early Childhood: A Systematic Review. Children, 7(11), 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7110224
Foulkes, J. D., Knowles, Z., Fairclough, S. J., Stratton, G., O’Dwyer, M., Ridgers, N. D., & Foweather, L. (2015). Fundamental movement skills of preschool children in Northwest England. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 121(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2466/10.25.PMS.121c14x0
Jones, D., Innerd, A., Giles, E. L., & Azevedo, L. B. (2020). Association between fundamental motor skills and physical activity in the early years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(6), 542-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.03.001
Bai, P., Thornton, A., Lester, L., Schipperijn, J., Trapp, G., Boruff, B., … Christian, H. (2020). Nature Play and Fundamental Movement Skills Training Programs Improve Childcare Educator Supportive Physical Activity Behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article, 17(223), 1-16. https://doi.org/doi:10.3390/ijerph17010223
O’Brien, W., Belton, S., & Issartel, J. (2016). Fundamental movement skill proficiency amongst adolescent youth. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 21(6), 557-571. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2015.1017451
Grainger, F., Innerd, A., Graham, M., & Wright, M. (2020). Integrated Strength and Fundamental Movement Skill Training in Children: A Pilot Study. Children, 7(10), 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7100161
Burhaein, E. (2017). Aktivitas Fisik Olahraga untuk Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Siswa SD. Indonesian Journal of Primary Education, 1(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijpe.v1i1.7497
Kappen, D. L., Mirza-Babaei, P., & Nacke, L. E. (2019). Older Adults’ Physical Activity and Exergames: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 35(2), 140-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2018.1441253
Moholdt, T., Weie, S., Chorianopoulos, K., Wang, A. I., & Hagen, K. (2017a). Exergaming can be an innovative way of enjoyable high-intensity interval training. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000258
Adcock, M., Fankhauser, M., Post, J., Lutz, K., & Zizlsperger, L. (2020). Effects of an In-home Multicomponent Exergame Training on Physical Functions, Cognition, and Brain Volume of Older Adults : A Randomized Controlled Trial. CLINICAL TRIAL, 6(January), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00321
Yu, T. C., Chiang, C. H., Wu, P. T., Wu, W. L., & Chu, I. H. (2020). Effects of exergames on physical fitness in middle- aged and older adults in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072565
Monedero, J., Murphy, E. E., & O’Gorman, D. J. (2017). Energy expenditure and affect responses to different types of active video game and exercise. PLoS ONE, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176213
Andrade, A., Mayron da Cruz, W., Correia, C. K., Goya Santos, A. L., & Bevilacqua, G. G. (2020). Effect of practice exergames on the mood states and self-esteem of elementary school boys and girls during physical education classes: A cluster-randomized controlled natural experiment. PLoS ONE, 15(6), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232392
Soltani, P., Figueiredo, P., & Vilas-boas, J. P. (2020). Does exergaming drive future physical activity and sport intentions ? Journal of Health Psychology, 1, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320909866
Wu, Z., Li, J., & Theng, Y. L. (2015). Examining the Influencing Factors of Exercise Intention among Older Adults: A Controlled Study between Exergame and Traditional Exercise. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(9), 521-527. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0065
Gao, Zan, Zeng, N., Pope, Z. C., Wang, R., & Yu, F. (2019). Effects of exergaming on motor skill competence, perceived competence, and physical activity in preschool children. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 106-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.12.001
Behan, S., Belton, S., Peers, C., O’Connor, N. E., & Issartel, J. (2019). Moving Well-Being Well: Investigating the maturation of fundamental movement skill proficiency across sex in Irish children aged five to twelve. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(22), 2604-2612. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1651144
Pedersen, S. J., Cooley, P. D., & Cruickshank, V. J. (2016). Caution regarding exergames: a skill acquisition perspective. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 22(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2016.1176131
Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D. F., & Lubans, D. R. (2018). Development of Foundational Movement Skills: A Conceptual Model for Physical Activity Across the Lifespan. Sports Medicine, 48(7), 1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0892-6
Vernadakis, N., Papastergiou, M., Zetou, E., & Antoniou, P. (2015). The impact of an exergame-based intervention on children’s fundamental motor skills. Computers and Education, 83(January), 90-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.01.001
Villafaina, S., Borrega-mouquinho, Y., Fuentes-garcía, J. P., Collado-mateo, D., & Gusi, N. (2020). Effect of exergame training and detraining on lower-body strength, agility, and cardiorespiratory fitness in women with fibromyalgia: Single-blinded randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010161
Polechoński, J., Dȩbska, M., & Dȩbski, P. G. (2019). Exergaming can be a health-related aerobic physical activity. BioMed Research International, 2019(June), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1890527
Huang, K. T. (2020). Exergaming Executive Functions: An Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Training for Adults Aged 50 and Older. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(3), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0269
Lee, S., Kim, W., Park, T., & Peng, W. (2017). The Psychological Effects of Playing Exergames: A Systematic Review. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(9), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0183
Fogel, V. A., Miltenberger, R. G., Graves, R., & Koehler, S. (2010). The Effects Of exergaming On physical Activity among Inactive Children in a Physical Education class room. Journal Of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43(4), 591-600. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2010.43-591
Van Santen, J., Dröes, R. M., Holstege, M., Henkemans, O. B., Van Rijn, A., De Vries, R., … Meiland, F. (2018). Effects of Exergaming in People with Dementia: Results of a Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 63(2), 741-760. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170667
Moholdt, T., Weie, S., Chorianopoulos, K., Wang, A. I., & Hagen, K. (2017b). Exergaming can be an innovative way of enjoyable high-intensity interval training. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000258
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Published
2022-12-23
How to Cite
Samsudin, S., Gani, R. A., Setiawan, E., Németh, Z., Kardiyanto, D. W., & Winarno, M. E. (2022). Increasing Physical Activity and Fundamental Movement Skills of Primary School Students during the Covid-19 through Exergame. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(4), 459–465. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.4.01
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