Defining Authenticity of the Y Balance Test Implemented by an Intellectual Programmed Tool in Inclusive Physical Education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.4.24Keywords:
students, blast TBI with acoustic trauma, physical education, inclusion, control, test authenticity, digitalizationAbstract
Objectives. The study aimed to investigate the authenticity of the Y Balance Test for the lower quarter (LQYBT), implemented by a developed intelligent programmable tool for students after blast TBI with acoustic trauma.
Materials and methods. At the theoretical level, analysis, synthesis, systematization, and generalization were used, while at the empirical level, technical modeling, applied programming, a pedagogical experiment using the LQYBT, and mathematical statistics were employed. The study sample consisted of first-year students after mild blast TBI with acoustic trauma.
Results. The results are presented in a developed intelligent programmable tool for LQYBT implementation. The development of the tool involved using the MPU-6050 GY-521 module, which is placed into the sole of the footwear intended to perform LQYBT. Another element of the developed tool is “intelligent vectors”, which are placed on the axes of LQYBT execution and consist of a matrix of pressure sensors. This matrix registers pressure changes at the points of contact for the student’s foot and automatically identifies loss of balance, foot movement, or errors related to changes in body position. Integrating information from the MPU-6050 GY-521 module and “intelligent vectors” is facilitated by using the Arduino Uno board comprising the ATmega328P microcontroller as the main processor and the ATmega16U2 microcontroller for communication with a PC via a USB port. The board recognizes signals and transmits them sequentially to a PC, where they are processed by the developed software and displayed on the screen. Wireless infrared communication is used to transmit the signal. A key feature of this smart tool is the use of artificial intelligence. The reliability and validity indicators of LQYBT after blast TBI with acoustic trauma, when the results are recorded by the teacher, correspond to the “average” and “acceptable” levels. When using the developed tool, they reached the “high” level.
Conclusions. The findings suggest that using an intelligent programmable tool for the implementation of LQYBT is a powerful means of monitoring the current state of balance in students after blast TBI with acoustic trauma in real time, its permanent analysis and forecasting, for making timely and adequate management decisions regarding the rehabilitation program in the process of inclusive physical education.
Downloads
References
Dzyak, L.A., Mizyakina, K.V., Shulga, O.O., & Suk, В.М. (2023). Protection of the brain with post-traumatic combat injuries. Medical newspaper “Health of Ukraine of the 21st Century”, 5-6, 541-542. https://health-ua.com/multimedia/userfiles/files/2023/ZU_5-6_2023/ZU_5-6_2023_32-33.pdf [in Ukrainian].
Denby, E., Murphy, D., Busuttil, W., Sakel, M., & Wilkinson, D. (2020). Neuropsychiatric outcomes in UK military veterans with mild traumatic brain injury and vestibular dysfunction. J. Head Trauma Rehabil, 35, 5765. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000468
Akin, F.W., Murnane, O.D., Hall, C.D., Riska, K.M., & Sears, J. (2022). Vestibular and balance function in veterans with chronic dizziness associated with mild traumatic brain injury and blast exposure. Front. Neurol, 13, 930389. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.930389 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.930389
Li, B. (2023). Land Mine Blast Injury. In: Wang, Z., Jiang, J. (eds) Explosive Blast Injuries. Springer. 549-557. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2856-7_34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2856-7_34
Sudhakar, S.K., Sridhar, S., Char, S., Pandya, K., & Mehta, K. (2023). Prevalence of comorbidities post mild traumatic brain injuries: a traumatic brain injury model systems study. Front Hum Neurosci, 17, 1158483. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1158483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1158483
Aural Blast/Injury Acoustic Trauma and Hearing Loss (2018). Available at: https://tccc.org.ua/guide/aural-blast-injuryacoustic-trauma-and-hearing-loss-cpg
Alkathiry, А.А., Sparto, P.J., Kontos, А.Р., Furman, J.M. (2019). Chapter 10 – Vestibular Dysfunction Associated With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI), Editor(s): Hoffer, M.E., Balaban, C.D. Neurosensory Disorders in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Academic Press, 133-148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812344-7.00010-8
Haarbauer-Krupa, J., Pugh, M.J., Prager, E.M., Harmon, N., Wolfe, J., & Yaffe, K. (2021). Epidemiology of Chronic Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma, 38(23), 3235-3247. https://doi.org/10.1001/10.1089/neu.2021.0062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2021.0062
Du, Q., Liu, C., Liu, Y., Li, J., Gong, X., Zhang, Qi., & Li, К. (2023). Investigation of long-term symptoms and influencing factors in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: a cross-sectional study. Int Emerg Nurs., 69, 101313. https://doi.org/10.7759/10.1016/j.ienj.2023.101313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2023.101313
Blennow, K., Brody, D.L., Kochanek, P.M., Levin, H., McKee, A., Ribbers, G.M., Yaffe, К., & Zetterberg, H. (2016). Traumatic brain injuries. Nature reviews Disease primers, 2(1), 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.84
Misyura, V.B., Ruban, L.A., & Mishin, M.V. (2022). Vestibular rehabilitation of amateur athletes after brain injuries. Rehabilitation and Recreation, 12, 198-203. https://doi.org/10.32782/2522-1795.2022.12.26 [in Ukrainian]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32782/2522-1795.2022.12.26
Mullally, W.J. (2017). Concussion. The American journal of medicine, 130(8), 885-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.04.016
Blavt, O., Galamanzhuk, L., Huska, M., Iedynak, G., Pityn, M., Kachurak, Y., Faidevych, V., & Turka, R. (2024). Using Programmable Device Installations to Control Students with Disabilities after Blast Traumatic Brain Injury in 10 Meter Walking Test. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(3), 433-441. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.3.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.3.12
Byshevets, N., Andrieieva, O., Dutchak, M., Shynkaruk, O., Dmytriv, R., Zakharina, I., Serhiienko, K., & Hres, M. (2024). The Influence of Physical Activity on Stress-associated Conditions in Higher Education Students. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(2), 245-253. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.2.08 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.2.08
Giuriato, M., (2023). Enhancing inclusive physicaleducation for students with special needs. Italian Journal of HealthEducation, Sports and Inclusive Didactics, 7(4). https://doi.org/ 10.32043/gsd.v7i4.1012
Ben Rakaa, O., Bassiri, M., & Lotfi, S. (2025). Promoting Inclusion and Well-Being Through Inclusive Physical Education and Parasports: an Approach for Adolescents with Motor Impairment. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 25(1), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.1.16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.1.16
Bodnar, І., & Sofinsky, R. (2024). Inclusive Physical Education for Schoolchildren, Internally Displaced Persons. (2024). Physical Education, Sport and Health Culture in Modern Society, 4(68), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.29038/2220-7481-2024-04-32-39[in Ukrainian]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29038/2220-7481-2024-04-32-39
Keles, S., ten Braak, D., & Munthe, E. (2022). Inclusion of students with special education needs in Nordic countries: a systematic scoping review. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 68(3), 431-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2022.2148277 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2022.2148277
Lieberman, L. J., Houston-Wilson, C., & Grenier, M. (2024). Strategies for inclusion: Physical education for everyone. Human Kinetics.
Blavt, O., & Gurtova, T. (2024). Physical Education in the Restoration of Damaged Functions in Students After Blast Tbi Complicated By Acuborotrauma. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 5(2), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2024.5.2.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2024.5.2.02
Navas-Bonilla, C.D.R., Guerra-Arango, J.A., Oviedo-Guado, D.A., & Murillo-Noriega, D.E. (2025). Inclusive education through technology: a systematic review of types, tools and characteristics. Frontiers in Education, 10, 1527851. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1527851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1527851
Lund, J.L., & Kirk, M.F. (2019). Performance-based assessment for middle and high school physical education. Human Kinetics Publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781718222731
Kuntjoro, B.F.T., Soegiyanto, S., Setijono, H., & Suhiharto, S. (2022). Inclusion of students with disability in physical education: analysis of trends and best practices. AJPESH, 2(2), 88-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/ajpesh.v2i2.64840
López-Pastor, V.M., Kirk, D., Lorente-Catalán, E., MacPhail, A., & Macdonald, D. (2012). Alternative assessment in physical education: a review of international literature. Sport, Education and Society, 18(1), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2012.713860 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2012.713860
Mucha, А., Fedor, S., & DeMarco, D. (2018). Chapter 14 – Vestibular dysfunction and concussion. Editor(s): B. Hainline, R. A. Stern, Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier, 158, 135-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63954-7.00014-8
Shvets, A.V., Kikh, A.Y., Parkhomenko, Y.O., & Lukianchuk, I.A. (2020). Features of restoration of spatial stability disorders among servicemen with traumatic brain injury and acubarotrauma consequences. Ukrainian Journal of Military Medicine, 1(1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.46847/ujmm.2020.1(1)-040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46847/ujmm.2020.1(1)-040
Ng, S.Y., & Lee, A.Y.W. (2019). Traumatic Brain Injuries: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Cell Neurosci, 27(13), 528. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00528 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00528
Perkins, A., Gracey, F., Kelly, G., & Jim, J. (2022). A new model to guide identity-focused multidisciplinary rehabilitation for children and young people following acquired brain injury: I-FoRM. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 32(8), 1928-1969. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2022.2100794 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2022.2100794
Reilly, N. (2021). Identification of Chronic Postural Stability Impairments Associated With History of Concussion. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Dissertation, Rehabilitation Sciences, Old Dominion University, https://doi.org/10.25777/71r7-5774 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/pt_etds/6
Leland, А., Tavakol, К., Scholton, J., Libin, A.V., & Ryerson, S. (2016). High-level vestibular impairment in a veteran with mild traumatic brain injury. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 23(2), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2016.23.2.91 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2016.23.2.91
Kovacs, S.K., Leonessa, F., & Ling, G.S. (2014). Blast TBI Models, Neuropathology, and Implications for Seizure Risk. Front Neurol, 9(5), 47. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2014.00047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2014.00047
Sepehry, A.A., Schultz, I.Z., & Mallinson, A.I.N. (2024). LongridgeChronic Vestibular System Dysfunction After mTBI: Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, Neuroscience and Treatment. Psychol. Inj. and Law, 17, 152-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-024-09506-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-024-09506-7
Akin, F.W., & Murnane, O.D. (2011). Head injury and blast exposure: vestibular consequences. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 44(2), 323-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2011.01.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2011.01.005
Murray, N.G., Reed-Jones, R.J., Szekely, B.J., & Powell, D.W. (2019). Clinical Assessments of Balance in Adults with Concussion: An Update. Semin Speech Lang, 40(1), 48-56. https://doi.org/ 10.1055/s-0038-1676451 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676451
Baumgartner, T.A., Mahar, M.T., Jackson, A.S., & Rowe, D.A. (2015). Reliability and Objectivity: Measurement for Evaluation in Kinesiology. 9th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett; 90-113.
González-Rivera, M.-D., Campos-Izquierdo, A., Hall, N. D., & Villalba-Pérez, A. I. (2023). Planning and assessment practices among Spanish physical education teachers according to experience and teaching level. European Physical Education Review, 29(3), 438-454. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X231158916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X231158916
Goodwin, D.L., Watkinson, E.J., & Fitzpatrick, D.A. (2003). 13 Inclusive Physical Education: A Conceptual Framework. Adapted Physical Activity, edited by R.D. Steadward, G.D. Wheeler & E.J. Watkinson, Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press, 189-212. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780888647795-017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780888647795-017
Physioрedia: Y Balance Test. Available at: https://www.physio-pedia.com/Y_Balance_Test?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=related_articles&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal
Kattilakoski, O., Kauranen, N., Leppänen, M., Kannus, P., Pasanen, K., Vasankari, T., & Parkkari, J. (2023). Intrarater Reliability and Analysis of Learning Effects in the Y Balance Test. Methods and Protocols, 6(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps6020041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/mps6020041
Shumway-Cook, А., & Horak, F.B. (1986) Assessing the Influence of Sensory Interaction on Balance: Suggestion from the Field. Physical Therapy, 66(10), 1, 1548-1550. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/66.10.1548 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/66.10.1548
Mykytyuk, Z.M., H. I. Barylo, I. P. Kremer, Y. M. Kachurak & O. Y. Shymchyshyn. (2024) Sensitive liquid crystal composites for optical sensors. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 768(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2023.223586 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2023.2235865
Politanskyi, R. L., Vistak, M. V., Mykytyuk, Z. M., Katerynchuk, I. S., Kachurak, Y. M., Shymchyshyn, O. Y., & Diskovskyi, I.S. (2024). An infrared optical sensor concept for determining the concentration of CO2 in the BLIP regime. In Sixteenth International Conference on Correlation Optics, 12938, 30-34. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3009024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3009024
Blavt, O., Bodnar, A., Mykhalskyi А., Gurtova, T., & Tsovkh, L. (2023). Application of Electronic Means in Endurance Coordination Testing of Students with Disabilities Who are War Veterans. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(3), 397-403. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.3.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.3.12
King, L. A., Horak, F. B., Mancini, М., Pierce, D., Priest, К.С., Chesnutt, J., Sullivan, Р., & Chapman, J.С. (2014). Instrumenting the Balance Error Scoring System for Use With Patients Reporting Persistent Balance Problems After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(2), 353-359. https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(13)01111-8/fulltext DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.10.015
Salafi, M. I. E., Suherman, W. S., Suhartini, B., Antoni, M. S., Pratama, K. W., Nurfadhila, R., Nugroho, W., & Miftachurohmah, Y. (2023). Design, Validation, and Reliability of a Basketball Skill and Performance Test Instrument in Adolescent Players. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 668-677. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.5.03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.5.03
Yilin, Z., Tongzhou, Z., Shuhui, W., Roger, А., Gordon, W., & Jia, Н. (2024). Development of a 3D active movement extent discrimination apparatus for testing proprioception at the ankle joint with inversion movements made in plantarflexion. European Journal of Sport Science, 25. n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12238
Marchenko, S., Ivashchenko, O., & Kupreichenko, A. (2023). Control and Evaluation of the Strength Abilities of Primary School-Aged Karate Boys. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 787-793. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.5.18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.5.18
Ng, K.L., & Samsudin, S. (2024). Determining the Validity and Reliability of ArtSci-S.P.D. Module On Year 5 Human Circulatory System. Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology, 5(3), 123-128. https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2024.5.3.05 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/jltm.2024.5.3.05
Putro, K.H., Suharjana, S., Marhaendro, A.S.D., Hariono, A., Siswantoyo, S., Fauzi, F., Sukamti, E.R., & Prabowo, T.A. (2025). Evaluating Validity and Test-retest Reliability on Indonesian Basketball Talent Scouting Model for Athletes Aged 10 to 14. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 25(3), 540-547. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.3.09 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.3.09
Asongu, S.A., Orim, S.M.I., & Nting, R.T. (2019). Inequality, information technology and inclusive education in sub-Saharan Africa. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 380-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.06.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.06.006
Mokmin, N. A. M., & Rassy, R. P. (2024). Review of the trends in the use of augmented reality technology for students with disabilities when learning physical education. Education and Information Technologies, 29(2), 1251-1277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11550-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11550-2
Gao, Z., Guan, H., & Tan, Z. (2025). Enhancing college students physical education using artificial intelligence-optimized teaching system based on biomechanics. MCB Molecular and Cellular Biomechanics, 22(2), 503. https://doi.org/10.62617/mcb503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.62617/mcb503
Guskiewicz, K.M. (2001). Postural stability assessment following concussion: one piece of the puzzle. Clin J Sport Med, 11(3), 182-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200107000-00009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200107000-00009
Merritt, E.D., Brown, C.N., Queen, R.M., Simpson, K.J., & Schmidt, J.D. (2017) Concussion history and time since concussion do not influence static and dynamic balance in collegiate athletes. J Sport Rehabil, 26, 518-523. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0119
Schwiertz, G., Brueckner, D., Schedler, S., Kiss, R., & Muehlbauer, T. (2019). Performance and reliability of the Lower Quarter Y Balance Test in healthy adolescents from grade 6 to 11. Gait & Posture, 67, 142-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.10.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.10.011
Olmsted, L.C., Carcia, C.R., Hertel, J., & Shultz, S.J. (2002). Efficacy of the Star Excursion Balance Tests in Detecting Reach Deficits in Subjects With Chronic Ankle Instability. J Athl Train, 37(4), 501-506.
Greenberg, E.T, Barle, M., Glassman, E., Jacob, L., Jaafar, H., Johnson, A., Layug, N., Rollo, E., & Jung, M.K. (2019). Reliability and stability of the y balance test in healthy early adolescent female athletes. Orthop J Sports Med, 7(3), 2325967119S00051. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967119S00051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967119S00051
Engquist, K.D., Smith, C.A., Chimera, N.J., & Warren, M. (2015). Performance Comparison of Student-Athletes and General College Students on the Functional Movement Screen and the Y Balance Test. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(8), 2296-2303. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000906 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000906
Powden, C.J., Dodds, T.K., & Gabriel, E.H. (2019). The reliability of the star excursion balance test and lower quarter Y-balance test in healthy adults: a systematic review. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 14(5), 683-694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20190683
Schwiertz, G., Beurskens, R. & Muehlbauer, T.(2020). Discriminative validity of the lower and upper quarter Y balance test performance: a comparison between healthy trained and untrained youth. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil, 12, 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-020-00220-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-020-00220-w
Plisky, P.J., Gorman, P.P., Butler, R.J., Kiesel, K.B., Underwood, F.B., Elkins, B. (2009). The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test. N Am J Sports Phys Ther, 4(2), 92-9.
Linek, Р., Sikora, D., Wolny, Т., & Saulicz, Е. (2017). Reliability and number of trials of Y Balance Test in adolescent athletes. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 31, 72-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2017.03.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2017.03.011
Smith, L.J., Creps, J.R., Bean, R., Rodda, B., Alsalaheen, B. (2018). Performance and reliability of the Y-Balance Test™ in high school athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 58(11), 1671-1675. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07218-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07218-8
Bubić, A., & Kozinc, Ž. (2023). Lower and upper quarter y-balance test in recreationally active healthy adults: test-retest reliability, gender differences and inter-limb asymmetries. Exercise and Quality of Life, 15(2), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.31382/eqol.231201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31382/eqol.231201
Plisky, P., Schwartkopf-Phifer, K., Huebner, B., Garner, M. B., & Bullock, G. (2021). Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Y-Balance Test Lower Quarter: Reliability, Discriminant Validity, and Predictive Validity. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.27634 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.27634
Maricot, A., Lathouwers, E., Verschueren, J., De Pauw, K., Meeusen, R., Roelands, B, & Tassignon, B. (2024). Test-retest, intra- and inter-rater reliability of the reactive balance test in patients with chronic ankle instability. Front Neurol, 16(15), 1320043. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1320043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1320043
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Oksana Blavt, Fedir Zahura, Tetiana Helzhynska, Khrystyna Khimenes, Mykhailo Huska, Tetyana Gurtova, Lіubov Levandowska, Rostyslav Tymkovych
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
