Changes in High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels After Two-Weeks of Moderate-Intensity Endurance Exercise in Obese Women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.2.03Keywords:
Endurance exercise, inflammation levels, obesity, healthy lifestyleAbstract
Study purpose. The study purpose was to analyze the effect of moderate-intensity endurance exercise on reducing inflammation in obese women.
Materials and methods. Twenty obese women selected according to the established criteria were used as subjects. Then the subjects were divided into two groups: the control group (G1) and the endurance exercise group (G2). Moderate-intensity endurance exercise was performed by running on a treadmill for 40 minutes, with a frequency of 5 times/week for 2 weeks. Moderate-intensity was performed with 60%-70% HRmax (HRmax formula: 220-age). Blood sampling for inflammation measurement using the biomarker High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was performed before and after the intervention for 2 weeks. hs-CRP was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. A paired sample t-test with a significant level (p ≤ 0.05) was used for data analysis.
Results. The results showed the mean hs-CRP levels between before and after the intervention in G1 (6.76±4.40 vs. 6.43±4.89 ng/mL, (p=0.641)) and G2 (6.56±3.34 vs. 2.12±1.14 ng/mL, (p=0.004)).
Conclusions. The study indicates that moderate-intensity endurance exercise has been shown to be effective in reducing inflammation levels in obese women, so individuals with obesity are advised to reduce inflammation levels through moderate-intensity endurance exercise.
Downloads
References
Lin, X., & Li, H. (2021). Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 706978. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.706978 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.706978
Moreno-Indias, I., & Tinahones, F. J. (2015). Impaired Adipose Tissue Expandability and Lipogenic Capacities as Ones of the Main Causes of Metabolic Disorders. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2015, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/970375 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/970375
Straight, C. R., Toth, M. J., & Miller, M. S. (2021). Current perspectives on obesity and skeletal muscle contractile function in older adults. Journal of Applied Physiology, 130(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00739.2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00739.2020
Van Der Kolk, B. W., Kalafati, M., Adriaens, M., Van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., Vogelzangs, N., Saris, W. H. M., Astrup, A., Valsesia, A., Langin, D., Van Der Kallen, C. J. H., Eussen, S. J. P. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Goossens, G. H., Arts, I. C. W., Jocken, J. W. E., Evelo, C. T., & Blaak, E. E. (2019). Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue and Systemic Inflammation Are Associated With Peripheral but Not Hepatic Insulin Resistance in Humans. Diabetes, 68(12), 2247–2258. https://doi.org/10.2337/db19-0560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/db19-0560
Bozzola, E., Barni, S., Ficari, A., & Villani, A. (2023). Physical Activity in the COVID-19 Era and Its Impact on Adolescents’ Well-Being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043275 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043275
Sugiharto, Merawati, D., Pranoto, A., & Susanto, H. (2023). Physiological response of endurance exercise as a growth hormone mediator in adolescent women’s. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 34(1), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2022-0060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2022-0060
Calcaterra, V., Vandoni, M., Rossi, V., Berardo, C., Grazi, R., Cordaro, E., Tranfaglia, V., Carnevale Pellino, V., Cereda, C., & Zuccotti, G. (2022). Use of Physical Activity and Exercise to Reduce Inflammation in Children and Adolescents with Obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6908. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116908 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116908
Khanna, D., Khanna, S., Khanna, P., Kahar, P., & Patel, B. M. (2022). Obesity: A Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation and Its Markers. Cureus, 14(2), e22711. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22711 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22711
Andersen, C. J., Murphy, K. E., & Fernandez, M. L. (2016). Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Immunity. Advances in Nutrition, 7(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.010207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.010207
Sheridan, P. A., Paich, H. A., Handy, J., Karlsson, E. A., Hudgens, M. G., Sammon, A. B., Holland, L. A., Weir, S., Noah, T. L., & Beck, M. A. (2012). Obesity is associated with impaired immune response to influenza vaccination in humans. International Journal of Obesity, 36(8), 1072–1077. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2011.208 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2011.208
Vucenik, I., & Stains, J. P. (2012). Obesity and cancer risk: Evidence, mechanisms, and recommendations. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1271(1), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06750.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06750.x
Longo, M., Zatterale, F., Naderi, J., Parrillo, L., Formisano, P., Raciti, G. A., Beguinot, F., & Miele, C. (2019). Adipose Tissue Dysfunction as Determinant of Obesity-Associated Metabolic Complications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(9), 2358. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092358 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092358
Salas-Venegas, V., Flores-Torres, R. P., Rodríguez-Cortés, Y. M., Rodríguez-Retana, D., Ramírez-Carreto, R. J., Concepción-Carrillo, L. E., Pérez-Flores, L. J., Alarcón-Aguilar, A., López-Díazguerrero, N. E., Gómez-González, B., Chavarría, A., & Konigsberg, M. (2022). The Obese Brain: Mechanisms of Systemic and Local Inflammation, and Interventions to Reverse the Cognitive Deficit. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 16, 798995. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2022.798995 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2022.798995
Wang, C., Chan, J. S. Y., Ren, L., & Yan, J. H. (2016). Obesity Reduces Cognitive and Motor Functions across the Lifespan. Neural Plasticity, 2016, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2473081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2473081
Hills, R., Pontefract, B., Mishcon, H., Black, C., Sutton, S., & Theberge, C. (2019). Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Disease. Nutrients, 11(7), 1613. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071613 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071613
Yeoh, E. C., Zainudin, S. B., Loh, W. N., Chua, C. L., Fun, S., Subramaniam, T., Sum, C. F., & Lim, S. C. (2015). Fasting during Ramadan and Associated Changes in Glycaemia, Caloric Intake and Body Composition with Gender Differences in Singapore. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 44(6), 202–206. https://doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V44N6p202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V44N6p202
Kökten, T., Hansmannel, F., Ndiaye, N. C., Heba, A.-C., Quilliot, D., Dreumont, N., Arnone, D., & Peyrin-Biroulet, L. (2021). Calorie Restriction as a New Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. Advances in Nutrition, 12(4), 1558–1570. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa179
Mika, A., Macaluso, F., Barone, R., Di Felice, V., & Sledzinski, T. (2019). Effect of Exercise on Fatty Acid Metabolism and Adipokine Secretion in Adipose Tissue. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 26. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00026
Zheng, G., Qiu, P., Xia, R., Lin, H., Ye, B., Tao, J., & Chen, L. (2019). Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Inflammatory Markers in Healthy Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 11, 98. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00098
Park, K.-S., & Nickerson, B. S. (2022). Aerobic exercise is an independent determinant of levels of inflammation and oxidative stress in middle-aged obese females. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 18(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.2142724.352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.2142724.352
Cohen, E., Margalit, I., Shochat, T., Goldberg, E., & Krause, I. (2021). Markers of Chronic Inflammation in Overweight and Obese Individuals and the Role of Gender: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Large Cohort. Journal of Inflammation Research, 14, 567–573. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S294368 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S294368
Accattato, F., Greco, M., Pullano, S. A., Carè, I., Fiorillo, A. S., Pujia, A., Montalcini, T., Foti, D. P., Brunetti, A., & Gulletta, E. (2017). Effects of acute physical exercise on oxidative stress and inflammatory status in young, sedentary obese subjects. PLOS ONE, 12(6), e0178900. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178900 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178900
Marseglia, L., Manti, S., D’Angelo, G., Nicotera, A., Parisi, E., Di Rosa, G., Gitto, E., & Arrigo, T. (2014). Oxidative Stress in Obesity: A Critical Component in Human Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(1), 378–400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16010378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16010378
Fedewa, M. V., Hathaway, E. D., & Ward-Ritacco, C. L. (2017). Effect of exercise training on C reactive protein: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(8), 670–676. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-095999 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-095999
Gonzalo-Encabo, P., Maldonado, G., Valadés, D., Ferragut, C., & Pérez-López, A. (2021). The Role of Exercise Training on Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413258
Bianchi, V. E. (2018). Weight loss is a critical factor to reduce inflammation. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 28, 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.08.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.08.007
Pranoto, A., Rejeki, P. S., Miftahussurur, M., Setiawan, H. K., Yosika, G. F., Munir, M., Maesaroh, S., Purwoto, S. P., Waritsu, C., & Yamaoka, Y. (2023). Single 30 min treadmill exercise session suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in obese female adolescents. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 34(2), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2022-0196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2022-0196
Kistner, T. M., Pedersen, B. K., & Lieberman, D. E. (2022). Interleukin 6 as an energy allocator in muscle tissue. Nature Metabolism, 4(2), 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-022-00538-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-022-00538-4
Leal, L. G., Lopes, M. A., & Batista, M. L. (2018). Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1307. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01307
Wedell-Neergaard, A.-S., Lang Lehrskov, L., Christensen, R. H., Legaard, G. E., Dorph, E., Larsen, M. K., Launbo, N., Fagerlind, S. R., Seide, S. K., Nymand, S., Ball, M., Vinum, N., Dahl, C. N., Henneberg, M., Ried-Larsen, M., Nybing, J. D., Christensen, R., Rosenmeier, J. B., Karstoft, K., … Krogh-Madsen, R. (2019). Exercise-Induced Changes in Visceral Adipose Tissue Mass Are Regulated by IL-6 Signaling: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cell Metabolism, 29(4), 844-855.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.007
Saltiel, A. R., & Olefsky, J. M. (2017). Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 127(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI92035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI92035
Trendelenburg, A. U., Meyer, A., Jacobi, C., Feige, J. N., & Glass, D. J. (2012). TAK-1/p38/nNFκB signaling inhibits myoblast differentiation by increasing levels of Activin A. Skeletal muscle, 2(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/2044-5040-2-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2044-5040-2-3
Costamagna, D., Costelli, P., Sampaolesi, M., & Penna, F. (2015). Role of Inflammation in Muscle Homeostasis and Myogenesis. Mediators of Inflammation, 2015, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/805172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/805172
Muscella, A., Stefàno, E., Lunetti, P., Capobianco, L., & Marsigliante, S. (2020). The Regulation of Fat Metabolism during Aerobic Exercise. Biomolecules, 10(12), 1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10121699 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10121699
Egan, B., & Zierath, J. R. (2013). Exercise Metabolism and the Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Adaptation. Cell Metabolism, 17(2), 162–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012
Yano, N., Zhao, Y. T., & Zhao, T. C. (2021). The Physiological Role of Irisin in the Regulation of Muscle Glucose Homeostasis. Endocrines, 2(3), 266–283. https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines2030025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines2030025
Gonzalez-Gil, A. M., & Elizondo-Montemayor, L. (2020). The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review. Nutrients, 12(6), 1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061899 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061899
Cavalcante, P. A. M., Gregnani, M. F., Henrique, J. S., Ornellas, F. H., & Araújo, R. C. (2017). Aerobic but not Resistance Exercise Can Induce Inflammatory Pathways via Toll-Like 2 and 4: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine – Open, 3(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-017-0111-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-017-0111-2
Chen, Y.-W., Apostolakis, S., & Lip, G. Y. H. (2014). Exercise-induced changes in inflammatory processes: Implications for thrombogenesis in cardiovascular disease. Annals of Medicine, 46(7), 439–455. https://doi.org/10.3109/07853890.2014.927713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/07853890.2014.927713
Geliebter, A., Ochner, C. N., Dambkowski, C. L., & Hashim, S. A. (2014). Obesity-related hormones and metabolic risk factors: a randomized trial of diet plus either strength or aerobic training versus diet alone in overweight participants. Journal of diabetes and obesity, 1(1), 1.
Rejeki, P. S., Pranoto, A., Rahmanto, I., Izzatunnisa, N., Yosika, G. F., Hernaningsih, Y., Wungu, C. D. K., & Halim, S. (2023). The Positive Effect of Four-Week Combined Aerobic–Resistance Training on Body Composition and Adipokine Levels in Obese Females. Sports, 11(4), 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11040090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11040090
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Adhiratih Ken Sari, Sugiharto, Desiana Merawati, Adi Pranoto

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).

