RETRACTED ARTICLE: Engaging in Short-Term Moderate-Intensity Exercise Increases Growth Hormone Levels in Individuals with Obesity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.4.14Keywords:
growth hormone, healthy lifestyle, obesity, physical exerciseAbstract
Objectives. This study aimed to analyze the effect of a four-week moderate-intensity exercise regimen on increasing growth hormone (GH) levels in individuals with obesity.
Materials and methods. A total of 25 female individuals aged 20-25 years, with a body mass index (BMI) of 27.50-37.00 kg/m², were involved in the study and randomly divided into two groups, namely the control group (CON; n = 12) and the moderate-intensity exercise group (MIE; n = 13). The moderate-intensity exercise regimen (treadmill exercise for 30 minutes at 60-70% of HRmax, and resistance exercise for 30 minutes at 60-70% of 1RM) was conducted 3 times per week for a period of 4 weeks. Blood samples from participants were collected pre- and post-exercise sessions, and GH levels were analyzed using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. Data analysis techniques used the paired sample t-test with a significance level of 5 %.
Results. The paired sample t-test results of GH levels between the pre-exercise and post-exercise sessions in the CON group showed a change from (1291.79 ± 383.76 to 1151.53 ± 484.80 pg/mL; p = 0.694), while the MIE group demonstrated the following dynamics of change — from (1161.79 ± 133.72 to 2103.83 ± 357.09 pg/mL; p = 0.006).
Conclusions. The main findings of this study revealed that after implementing a four-week moderate-intensity exercise intervention, a significant increase in GH levels was observed in obese females.
Downloads
References
Alebna, P. L., Mehta, A., Yehya, A., daSilva-deAbreu, A., Lavie, C. J., & Carbone, S. (2024). Update on obesity, the obesity paradox, and obesity management in heart failure. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 82, 34-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2024.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2024.01.003
Aljabri D. (2022). Associations Between Obesity, Physical Inactivity, Healthcare Capacity, and the Built Environment: Geographic Information System Analysis. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare, 15, 689-704. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S345458 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S345458
Chen, J., Ruan, X., Fu, T., Lu, S., Gill, D., He, Z., Burgess, S., Giovannucci, E. L., Larsson, S. C., Deng, M., Yuan, S., & Li, X. (2024a). Sedentary lifestyle, physical activity, and gastrointestinal diseases: evidence from mendelian randomization analysis. EBioMedicine, 103, 105110. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105110
Chen, S., Yang, L., Yang, Y., Shi, W., Stults-Kolehmainen, M., Yuan, Q., Wang, C., & Ye, J. (2024b). Sedentary behavior, physical activity, sleep duration and obesity risk: Mendelian randomization study. PloS One, 19(3), e0300074–e0300074. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300074
Guthold, R., Stevens, G. A., Riley, L. M., & Bull, F. C. (2018). Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. The Lancet. Global health, 6(10), e1077–e1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7
Zhang, Y., & Liu, X. (2024). Effects of physical activity and sedentary behaviors on cardiovascular disease and the risk of all-cause mortality in overweight or obese middle-aged and older adults. Frontiers in public health, 12, 1302783. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1302783 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1302783
Myers, A., Gibbons, C., Finlayson, G., & Blundell, J. (2016). Associations among sedentary and active behaviours, body fat and appetite dysregulation: investigating the myth of physical inactivity and obesity. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(21), 1540-1544. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095640 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095640
World Health Organization (WHO). (2024, March 1). Obesity and Overweight. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.
Pranoto, A., Rejeki, P. S., Miftahussurur, M., Yosika, G. F., Ihsan, M., Herawati, L., Rahmanto, I., & Halim, S. (2024). Aerobic Exercise Increases Release of Growth Hormone in the Blood Circulation in Obese Women. Retos, 51, 726-731. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v51.99944 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v51.99944
Petersen, M. C., Smith, G. I., Palacios, H. H., Farabi, S. S., Yoshino, M., Yoshino, J., Cho, K., Davila-Roman, V. G., Shankaran, M., Barve, R. A., Yu, J., Stern, J. H., Patterson, B. W., Hellerstein, M. K., Shulman, G. I., Patti, G. J., & Klein, S. (2024). Cardiometabolic characteristics of people with metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity. Cell metabolism, 36(4), 745-761.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2024.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2024.03.002
Gonzalez Ramirez, G. & Bolaños Muñoz, L. (2023). Relationship of Sedentary Lifestyle with Obesity and Comorbidities. In: Ruiz-Tovar, J., Marc-Hernandez, A. (eds) Physical Activity and Bariatric Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26614-0_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26614-0_1
Sun, M., Fritz, J., Häggström, C., Bjørge, T., Nagel, G., Manjer, J., Engeland, A., Zitt, E., van Guelpen, B., Stattin, P., Ulmer, H., & Stocks, T. (2023). Metabolically (un)healthy obesity and risk of obesity-related cancers: a pooled study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 115(4), 456-467. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djad008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djad008
Hjelholt, A., Høgild, M., Bak, A. M., Arlien-Søborg, M. C., Bæk, A., Jessen, N., Richelsen, B., Pedersen, S. B., Møller, N., & Lunde Jørgensen, J. O. (2020). Growth Hormone and Obesity. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America, 49(2), 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2020.02.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2020.02.009
Salvatori R. (2015). Growth hormone deficiency in patients with obesity. Endocrine, 49(2), 304-306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-015-0571-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-015-0571-4
Savastano, S., Di Somma, C., Barrea, L., & Colao, A. (2014). The complex relationship between obesity and the somatropic axis: The long and winding road. Growth Hormone & IGF Research, 24(6), 221–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2014.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2014.09.002
Al-Samerria, S., & Radovick, S. (2023). Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Targeting GH and IGF-1 in the Management of Obesity: Insights from the Interplay between These Hormones and Metabolism. International journal of molecular sciences, 24(11), 9556. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119556 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119556
Oppert, J., Bellicha, A., Van Baak, M. A., Battista, F., Beaulieu, K., Blundell, J. E., Carraça, E. V., Encantado, J., Ermolao, A., Pramono, A., Farpour‐Lambert, N., Woodward, E., Dicker, D., & Busetto, L. (2021). Exercise training in the management of overweight and obesity in adults: Synthesis of the evidence and recommendations from the European Association for the Study of Obesity Physical Activity Working Group. Obesity Reviews, 22(S4), e13273. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13273 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13273
Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J. P., Chastin, S., Chou, R., Dempsey, P. C., DiPietro, L., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Friedenreich, C. M., Garcia, L., Gichu, M., Jago, R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Lambert, E., … Willumsen, J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British journal of sports medicine, 54(24), 1451-1462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955
Ashcroft, S. P., Stocks, B., Egan, B., & Zierath, J. R. (2024). Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations to enhance cardiometabolic health. Cell metabolism, 36(2), 278-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008
Sabag, A., Chang, D., & Johnson, N. A. (2021). Growth Hormone as a Potential Mediator of Aerobic Exercise-Induced Reductions in Visceral Adipose Tissue. Frontiers in physiology, 12, 623570. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.623570 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.623570
Carrard, J., Guerini, C., Appenzeller-Herzog, C., Infanger, D., Karsten Königstein, Lukas Streese, Hinrichs, T., Hanssen, H., Gallart-Ayala, H., Julijana Ivanisevic, & Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss. (2021). The Metabolic Signature of Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 52(3), 527-546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01590-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01590-y
Mendonça, F. R., Ferreira de Faria, W., Marcio da Silva, J., Massuto, R. B., Castilho Dos Santos, G., Correa, R. C., Ferreira Dos Santos, C., Sasaki, J. E., & Neto, A. S. (2022). Effects of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on health-related physical fitness in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of exercise science and fitness, 20(2), 182-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2022.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2022.03.002
Berryman, D., & List, E. (2017). Growth Hormone’s Effect on Adipose Tissue: Quality versus Quantity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(8), 1621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18081621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18081621
Muscella, A., Stefàno, E., Lunetti, P., Capobianco, L., & Marsigliante, S. (2020). The Regulation of Fat Metabolism During Aerobic Exercise. Biomolecules, 10(12), 1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10121699 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10121699
Donato, J., Jr, Wasinski, F., Furigo, I. C., Metzger, M., & Frazão, R. (2021). Central Regulation of Metabolism by Growth Hormone. Cells, 10(1), 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10010129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10010129
Hymer, W. C., & Kraemer, W. J. (2023). Resistance exercise stress: theoretical mechanisms for growth hormone processing and release from the anterior pituitary somatotroph. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 123(9), 1867-1878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05263-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05263-8
O’Neill, C. C., Locke, E. J., Sipf, D. A., Thompson, J. H., Drebushenko, E. K., Berger, N. S., Segich, B. S., & Kolwicz, S. C., Jr (2022). The Effects of Exercise Training on Glucose Homeostasis and Muscle Metabolism in Type 1 Diabetic Female Mice. Metabolites, 12(10), 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100948 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100948
Gergő Szűcs, Márton Pipicz, Szabó, M., Tamás Csont, László Török, & Csonka, C. (2023). Effect of Eccentric Exercise on Metabolic Health in Diabetes and Obesity. Sports Medicine - Open, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00596-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00596-2
Liu, S., Niu, Y., & Fu, L. (2019). Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Training. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, 2(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-019-0018-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-019-0018-3
Hsu, K.-J., Liao, C.-D., Tsai, M.-W., & Chen, C.-N. (2019). Effects of Exercise and Nutritional Intervention on Body Composition, Metabolic Health, and Physical Performance in Adults with Sarcopenic Obesity: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 11(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092163
Oppert, J.-M., Ciangura, C., & Bellicha, A. (2023). Physical activity and exercise for weight loss and maintenance in people living with obesity. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-023-09805-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-023-09805-5
Rai, R. H., Singh, R. B., Mehta, V., Sakshi, Asif, M., Goyal, K., Balodhi, A., Manglik, P., Sharma, A., & Chahal, A. (2023). Impact of exercise training duration on obesity and cardiometabolic biomarkers: A systematic review. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 22(1), 155-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-023-01219-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-023-01219-z
Davis, M. E., Blake, C., & O’Donoghue, G. (2024). Comparison of time-matched aerobic, resistance or combined exercise training in women living with obesity: The EXOFFIT study. Obesity science & practice, 10(2), e749. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.749 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.749
Davis, M. E., Blake, C., Cunningham, C., Carson, B. P., & O’Donoghue, G. (2022). Comparison of time-matched aerobic, resistance or combined exercise training in women living with obesity: a protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial—the EXOFFIT (Exercise for Obesity in Females to increase Fitness) study. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-022-01003-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-022-01003-5
Foster-Schubert, K. E., Alfano, C. M., Duggan, C. R., Xiao, L., Campbell, K. L., Kong, A., Bain, C. E., Wang, C.-Y., Blackburn, G. L., & McTiernan, A. (2011). Effect of Diet and Exercise, Alone or Combined, on Weight and Body Composition in Overweight-to-Obese Postmenopausal Women. Obesity, 20(8), 1628-1638. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.76 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.76
Liang, M., Pan, Y., Zhong, T., Zeng, Y., & Cheng, A. S.K. (2021). Effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise on metabolic syndrome parameters and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, 22(4), 1523. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2204156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2204156
Mousa Khalafi, Symonds, M., Aref Habibi Maleki, Mohammad Hossein Sakhaei, Mahsa Ehsanifar, & Rosenkranz, S. K. (2024). Combined versus independent effects of exercise training and intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Journal, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-023-00909-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-023-00909-x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad, Gigih Siantoro, Irmantara Subagio, Ghana Firsta Yosika, Yanyong Phanpheng, Bayu Agung Pramono, I Dewa Made Aryananda Wijaya Kusuma, Adi Pranoto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
