Development of Basic Movement Skills Test Instruments for Early Childhood
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.4.06Keywords:
Physical Activity, Motor Skills, Test Instrument, ChildrenAbstract
Study purpose. The aim of the study was to develop a manual and easy test instrument for basic movement skills in early childhood.
Materials and methods. In this work, we use a research and development (R&D) method. The research procedures are: (1) the first stage is a preliminary study in the form of potential problems, data collection, and needs analysis, (2) the second stage is instrument development planning, and (3) the third stage is trial, expert evaluations, and product revisions, and (4) the fourth stage is model implementation. A total of 155 children aged 4-6 years participated in this study. Statistical analysis used is the product-moment correlation for the validity test and Cronbach alpha for the reliability test. Data were analyzed using the SPSS application.
Results. The results of this study are 1) the creation of a basic movement skill test instrument that can measure three components, namely locomotor, non-locomotor, and manipulative. 2) Based on this validity test, from 15 research instruments of basic movement skills (Y) tested, 15 items were obtained with r-count > 0.133 and were declared valid to be used in capturing research data. 3) The results obtained were r -count = 0.676 and r table 0.133, so the value of r arithmetic > r table, then this instrument is declared reliable and can be used as a data collection tool.
Conclusions. The development of basic motion test instruments produce instruments that can measure and evaluate the basic movement skills of children aged 4-6 years which include three components, namely, locomotor, non-locomotor, and manipulative.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
O’Brien, W., Belton, S., & Issartel, J. (2016). Fundamental movement skill proficiency amongst adolescent youth. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 21(6), 557-571. https://doi.org/10.1080/174088989.2015.1017451
Haywood, K. M., Roberton, M. A., & Getchell, N. (2012). Advanced Analysis of Motor Development. In Advanced Analysis of Motor Development. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781492595151
Zhang, L., & Cheung, P. (2019). Making a difference in PE lessons: Using a low organized games approach to teach fundamental motor skills in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234618
Komaini, A., et al (2022). Design of Children’s Motor Training Tools Using Sensor-Based Agility Components in Physical Education Learning. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 16(05), 207-215. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i05.29731
Kokstejn, J., & Musalek, M. (2019). The relationship between fundamental motor skills and game specific skills in elite young soccer players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(1), 249-254. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.s1037
Bouffard, M. (2016). Movement Skill Assessment. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 16(2), 192-195. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.16.2.192
Capio, C. M., Sit, C. H. P., & Abernethy, B. (2011). Fundamental movement skills testing in children with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 33(25-26), 2519-2528. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2011.577502
Hardy, L. L., Reinten-Reynolds, T., Espinel, P., Zask, A., & Okely, A. D. (2012). Prevalence and correlates of low fundamental movement skill competency in children. Pediatrics, 130(2). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0345
Kim, C. Il, & Lee, K. Y. (2016). The relationship between fundamental movement skills and body mass index in Korean preschool children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 24(6), 928-935. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2016.1239326
Basman, A. J. (2019). Assessment criteria of fundamental movement skills for various age groups: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(1), 722-732. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.01104
Cheung, P., & Zhang, L. (2020). Environment for preschool children to learn fundamental motor skills: The role of teaching venue and class size. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(22), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229774
Sevimli-Celik, S., & Johnson, J. E. (2013). “I need to move and so do the children.” International Education Studies, 6(5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v6n5p1
Gu, X. (2016). Fundamental motor skills, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in socioeconomically disadvantaged kindergarteners. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 21(7), 871-881. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2015.1125007
Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Cliff, D. P., Okely, A. D., Scott, H. A., Cohen, K. E., & Lubans, D. R. (2013). Fundamental movement skill interventions in youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 132(5). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1167
Johnson, J. L., Rudisill, M. E., Hastie, P., Wadsworth, D., Strunk, K., Venezia, A., Sassi, J., Morris, M., & Merritt, M. (2019). Changes in Fundamental Motor-Skill Performance Following a Nine-Month Mastery Motivational Climate Intervention. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 90(4), 517-526. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1628909
Mürner-Lavanchy, I. M., & Anderson, P. J. (2018). Developmental Disorders Among Very Preterm Children. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 5(4), 253-261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-018-0151-4
Nikolić, I., Mraković, S., & Kunješić, M. (2016). Spolne razlike predškolske djece u biotičkim motoričkim znanjima. Croatian Journal of Education, 18(1), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v18i0.2163
Almeida, G., Luz, C., Martins, R., & Cordovil, R. (2017). Do children accurately estimate their performance of fundamental movement skills? Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 5(2), 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2016-0030
Hu, B. Y., Wu, Z., & Kong, Z. (2021). Family Physical Activities Choice, Parental Views of Physical Activities, and Chinese Preschool Children’s Physical Fitness and Motor Development. Early Childhood Education Journal, 50(5), 841-853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01190-5
Gruber, W., Stehling, F., Olivier, M., Dillenhoefer, S., Koerner-Rettberg, C., Sutharsan, S., Taube, C., Mellies, U., & Welsner, M. (2020) . Effects of a long-term exercise program on motor performance in children and adolescents with CF. Pediatric Pulmonology, 55(12), 3371-3380. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25064
Ward, B. J., Thornton, A., Lay, B., & Rosenberg, M. (2017). Protocols for the Investigation of Information Processing in Human Assessment of Fundamental Movement Skills. Journal of Motor Behavior, 49(6), 593-602. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2016.1247033
Barnett, L. M., Bangay, S., McKenzie, S., & Ridgers, N. D. (2013). Active gaming as a mechanism to promote physical activity and fundamental movement skills in children. Frontiers in Public Health, 1(DEC), 26-28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2013.00074
McGlashan, H. L., Blanchard, C. C. V., Nicole, J. S., Lee, R., French, B., & Sycamore, N. J. (2017). Improvement in children’s fine motor skills following a computerized typing intervention. Human Movement Science, 56(October), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.10.013
Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M., Smit, E., Doe-Asinyo, R. X., Lawerteh, S. E., Aertssen, W., Ferguson, G., & Jelsma, D. L. (2021). Inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability of the Performance and Fitness (PERF-FIT) test battery for children: a test for motor skills related fitness. BMC Pediatrics, 21(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02589-0
Lemos, A. G., Avigo, E. L., & Barela, J. A. (2012). Physical Education in Kindergarten Promotes Fundamental Motor Skill Development. Advances in Physical Education, 02(01), 17–21. https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2012.21003
Tandon, P.S., et al (2015). Active play opportunities at child care. Pediatrics, 135(6),1425-1431. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2750
Rifki, M. S., et al. (2022). Development of Sit Up Measuring Tools Based on Arduino and Ultrasonic Sensors With Android Applications. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 16(08), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i08.30673
Nurhasanah, N., Masitoh, S., Arianto, F., & Ayubi, N. (2022). Development of Android Application-Based Early Childhood Learning Devices (PAUDPEDIA) During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (IJIM), 16(09), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i09.31703
Haywood, K. M., Roberton, M. A., & Getchell, N. (2012). Advanced Analysis of Motor Development. In Advanced Analysis of Motor Development. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781492595151
Zhang, L., & Cheung, P. (2019). Making a difference in PE lessons: Using a low organized games approach to teach fundamental motor skills in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234618
Komaini, A., et al (2022). Design of Children’s Motor Training Tools Using Sensor-Based Agility Components in Physical Education Learning. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 16(05), 207-215. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i05.29731
Kokstejn, J., & Musalek, M. (2019). The relationship between fundamental motor skills and game specific skills in elite young soccer players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(1), 249-254. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.s1037
Bouffard, M. (2016). Movement Skill Assessment. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 16(2), 192-195. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.16.2.192
Capio, C. M., Sit, C. H. P., & Abernethy, B. (2011). Fundamental movement skills testing in children with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 33(25-26), 2519-2528. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2011.577502
Hardy, L. L., Reinten-Reynolds, T., Espinel, P., Zask, A., & Okely, A. D. (2012). Prevalence and correlates of low fundamental movement skill competency in children. Pediatrics, 130(2). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0345
Kim, C. Il, & Lee, K. Y. (2016). The relationship between fundamental movement skills and body mass index in Korean preschool children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 24(6), 928-935. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2016.1239326
Basman, A. J. (2019). Assessment criteria of fundamental movement skills for various age groups: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(1), 722-732. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.01104
Cheung, P., & Zhang, L. (2020). Environment for preschool children to learn fundamental motor skills: The role of teaching venue and class size. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(22), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229774
Sevimli-Celik, S., & Johnson, J. E. (2013). “I need to move and so do the children.” International Education Studies, 6(5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v6n5p1
Gu, X. (2016). Fundamental motor skills, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in socioeconomically disadvantaged kindergarteners. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 21(7), 871-881. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2015.1125007
Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Cliff, D. P., Okely, A. D., Scott, H. A., Cohen, K. E., & Lubans, D. R. (2013). Fundamental movement skill interventions in youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 132(5). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1167
Johnson, J. L., Rudisill, M. E., Hastie, P., Wadsworth, D., Strunk, K., Venezia, A., Sassi, J., Morris, M., & Merritt, M. (2019). Changes in Fundamental Motor-Skill Performance Following a Nine-Month Mastery Motivational Climate Intervention. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 90(4), 517-526. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1628909
Mürner-Lavanchy, I. M., & Anderson, P. J. (2018). Developmental Disorders Among Very Preterm Children. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 5(4), 253-261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-018-0151-4
Nikolić, I., Mraković, S., & Kunješić, M. (2016). Spolne razlike predškolske djece u biotičkim motoričkim znanjima. Croatian Journal of Education, 18(1), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v18i0.2163
Almeida, G., Luz, C., Martins, R., & Cordovil, R. (2017). Do children accurately estimate their performance of fundamental movement skills? Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 5(2), 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2016-0030
Hu, B. Y., Wu, Z., & Kong, Z. (2021). Family Physical Activities Choice, Parental Views of Physical Activities, and Chinese Preschool Children’s Physical Fitness and Motor Development. Early Childhood Education Journal, 50(5), 841-853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01190-5
Gruber, W., Stehling, F., Olivier, M., Dillenhoefer, S., Koerner-Rettberg, C., Sutharsan, S., Taube, C., Mellies, U., & Welsner, M. (2020) . Effects of a long-term exercise program on motor performance in children and adolescents with CF. Pediatric Pulmonology, 55(12), 3371-3380. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25064
Ward, B. J., Thornton, A., Lay, B., & Rosenberg, M. (2017). Protocols for the Investigation of Information Processing in Human Assessment of Fundamental Movement Skills. Journal of Motor Behavior, 49(6), 593-602. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2016.1247033
Barnett, L. M., Bangay, S., McKenzie, S., & Ridgers, N. D. (2013). Active gaming as a mechanism to promote physical activity and fundamental movement skills in children. Frontiers in Public Health, 1(DEC), 26-28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2013.00074
McGlashan, H. L., Blanchard, C. C. V., Nicole, J. S., Lee, R., French, B., & Sycamore, N. J. (2017). Improvement in children’s fine motor skills following a computerized typing intervention. Human Movement Science, 56(October), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.10.013
Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M., Smit, E., Doe-Asinyo, R. X., Lawerteh, S. E., Aertssen, W., Ferguson, G., & Jelsma, D. L. (2021). Inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability of the Performance and Fitness (PERF-FIT) test battery for children: a test for motor skills related fitness. BMC Pediatrics, 21(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02589-0
Lemos, A. G., Avigo, E. L., & Barela, J. A. (2012). Physical Education in Kindergarten Promotes Fundamental Motor Skill Development. Advances in Physical Education, 02(01), 17–21. https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2012.21003
Tandon, P.S., et al (2015). Active play opportunities at child care. Pediatrics, 135(6),1425-1431. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2750
Rifki, M. S., et al. (2022). Development of Sit Up Measuring Tools Based on Arduino and Ultrasonic Sensors With Android Applications. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 16(08), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i08.30673
Nurhasanah, N., Masitoh, S., Arianto, F., & Ayubi, N. (2022). Development of Android Application-Based Early Childhood Learning Devices (PAUDPEDIA) During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (IJIM), 16(09), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i09.31703
Downloads
Published
2022-12-23
How to Cite
Komaini, A., Kiram, Y., Rifki, M. S., Handayani, S. G., Ayubi, N., & Putra, R. Y. (2022). Development of Basic Movement Skills Test Instruments for Early Childhood. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(4), 493–499. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.4.06
Issue
Section
Original Scientific Articles
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
