Exploratory Factor Analysis on the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire (TDEQ-5) for Basketball in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.1.19Keywords:
sports talent, talent coaching, athlete coaching, basketballAbstract
Objectives. This study aimed to adapt and measure the level of validity and reliability of the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire (TDEQ-5) for basketball in Indonesia.
Materials and methods. A quantitative approach was employed, using the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) method and Cronbach’s Alpha test to determine the reliability of the instrument. The sample comprised 420 basketball athletes (212 men, 208 women) from the Developmental Basketball League, distributed across eight provinces, which were divided into nine major cities in Indonesia. The characteristics of the sample (mean ± SD) were as follows: aged 15 to 18 (17.8 ± 7.2 years old), training experience was 4 to 8 years (5.3 ± 8.9 years), and participating in competitions experience twice to four times a year. The analysis of this study is based on each factor: Long-term development (LTD), Alignment of expectations (AOE), Communication (COM), Holistic quality preparation (HQP), and Social network (SN).
Results. The results showed that KMO-MSA was p > 0.5, and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity was p < 0.05. Furthermore, Anti-image Correlation, Communalities, and Pattern Matrix Test also exhibited p > 0.5. The Cronbach’s Alpha value was found to be 0.924.
Conclusions. These findings indicate that the TDEQ-5 is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the talent development environment of basketball athletes, especially in Indonesia. However, further development of this instrument is recommended to be adapted to the sports culture in Indonesia and to ensure a more comprehensive and scientific evaluation of talent coaching in basketball.
Downloads
References
Indrayana, B., & Hasibuan, M. U. Z. (2021). Tinjauan Kondisi Fisik (VO2max) Pada Komunitas Pencinta Basket Paal 5 Jambi. Journal Coaching Education Sports, 2(2), 195-204. https://doi.org/10.31599/jces.v2i2.737 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31599/jces.v2i2.737
Rubiyatno, R., Supriatna, E., & Perdana, R. P. (2022). Profile Of Physical Fitness Basketball Student Extracurricular. Kinestetik: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani, 6(1), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.33369/jk.v6i1.20231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33369/jk.v6i1.20231
Juita, A., Tomoliyus, T., Hariono, A., Syahriadi, S., Sukamti, E. R., Fauzi, F., Alim, A., & Prabowo, T. A. (2024). The effect of service quality and coach competency on the motivation and achievement of Riau basketball student-athletes. SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias Del Deporte, 13, 12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.564821 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.564821
Alfermann, D., Lobinger, B. H., Nesges, O., Martindale, R. J. J., & Andronikos, G. (2023). German version of the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire (TDEQ-5). German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 53(1), 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-022-00850-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-022-00850-x
Li, C., Martindale, R., Wu, Y., & Si, G. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire with Chinese talented athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(1), 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1282619 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1282619
Gangsø, K., Aspvik, N. P., Mehus, I., Høigaard, R., & Sæther, S. A. (2021). Talent development environments in football: Comparing the top-five and bottom-five-ranked football academies in Norway. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031321 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031321
Madi, L. N., Fahlström, P. G., & Grobbelaar, H. W. (2023). High school water polo talent development environments and team cohesion: performance comparisons and correlations. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 45(3), 46-59. https://doi.org/10.36386/sajrsper.v45i3.275 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36386/sajrsper.v45i3.275
Abdul Manaf, M. W., Zakaria, J., Abdul Razak, F. H., & Mohd Said, O. F. (2022). The Keys Succes Factors Talent Development Environment for Golf Athletes in National Golf Academy Universiti Utara Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i3/12860 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i3/12860
Deviandri, R., van der Veen, H. C., Lubis, A. M. T., Postma, M. J., & Akker-Scheek, I. van den. (2023). Translation, Validity, and Reliability of the Indonesian Version of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Return to Sport After Injury Scale. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671231157769 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671231157769
Thomas, C. E., Abbott, G., Gastin, P. B., & Main, L. C. (2020). Construct validity and reliability of the talent development environment questionnaire in caribbean youth track and field athletes. PLoS ONE, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227815 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227815
Gledhill, A., & Harwood, C. (2019). Toward an Understanding of Players’ Perceptions of Talent Development Environments in UK Female Football. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 31(1), 105-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2017.1410254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2017.1410254
Apollaro, G., Pantanella, L., Esposito, M., & Ruscello, B. (2022). Talent development environments in elite taekwondo population: a study within an Italian context. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 62(5), 618–625. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12282-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12282-0
Henriksen, K., & Stambulova, N. (2023). The social environment of talent development in youth sport. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5, 1127151. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1127151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1127151
Gesbert, V., von Roten, F. C., & Hauw, D. (2021). Reviewing the role of the environment in the talent development of a professional soccer club. PLoS ONE, 16(2 February). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246823 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246823
Sargent Megicks, B., Till, K., Rongen, F., Cowburn, I., Gledhill, A., Mitchell, T., Emmonds, S., & Lara-Bercial, S. (2022). Examining European Talent Development Environments: Athlete, Parent and Coach Perceptions. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(22), 2533-2543. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2172800 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2172800
Martindale, R. J. J., Collins, D., Wang, J. C. K., McNeill, M., Lee, K. S., Sproule, J., & Westbury, T. (2010). Development of the talent development environment questionnaire for sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(11), 1209-1221. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.495993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.495993
Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013). A Beginner’s Guide to Factor Analysis: Focusing on Exploratory Factor Analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079
Susiono, R., Sugiyanto, F., Lumintuarso, R., Tomoliyus, T., Sukamti, E. R., Fauzi, F., Hariono, A., & Prabowo, T. A. (2024). Y Agility Test Innovation on Special Badminton Athletes for the Junior Category (U17): Validity and Reliability. Retos, 53, 547-553. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v53.103282 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v53.103282
Adiansyah, E., Yuda, S., Danil, F., Fadilah, R., & Abdul, R. (2021). Profil tingkat kemampuan dasar bola basket siswa ekstrakulikuler di smk ciledugal-musadaddiyah. Holistic Journal of Sport Education, 1(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.52434/hjse.v1i1.1466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52434/hjse.v1i1.1466
Ningsih, E. E., Haetami, M., & Triansyah, A. (2022). Persepsi siswi terhadap ekstrakulikuler bola basket di sman 2 pontianak. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Khatulistiwa (JPPK), 11(5). https://doi.org/10.26418/jppk.v11i5.54539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26418/jppk.v11i5.54539
Arie Putra Santoso, Sukardi, & Puput Sekar Sari. (2022). Pembinaan Prestasi Ekstrakulikuler Bola Basket di SMA Methodist 2 Palembang. SPRINTER: Jurnal Ilmu Olahraga, 3(2), 77-82. https://doi.org/10.46838/spr.v3i2.178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46838/spr.v3i2.178
Yuliandra, R., Nugroho, R. A., & Parjito, P. (2023). Pelatihan Peningkatan Kemampuan Endurance Siswa Ekstrakulikuler Bola Basket SMAN 1 Pringsewu. Jurnal Pengabdian Olahraga Singaperbangsa, 3(03), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.35706/moroones.v3i03.8760 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35706/moroones.v3i03.8760
Nurhabibah, D., Yuda, A. K., Nugroho, S., & Mahardika, D. B. (2023). Upaya Meningkatan Keterampilan Dribble Bola Basket melalui Permainan Catch and Run pada Ekstrakurikuler SMAN 1 Karawang. JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 6(3), 1484-1486. https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v6i3.1701 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v6i3.1701
Sastra, D. (2023). Hubungan kekuatan otot lengan dengan kemampuan chest pass peserta ekstrakulikuler bola basket smp. Dharmas Journal of Sport, 3(1), 20-26. https://doi.org/10.56667/djs.v3i1.770 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56667/djs.v3i1.770
Banville, D., Desrosiers, P., & Genet-Volet, Y. (2000). Translating questionnaires and inventories using a cross-cultural translation technique. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 19(3), 374-387. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.19.3.374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.19.3.374
Rahmaniar, A., & Dewi, R. C. (2018). Tingkat Konsumsi Karbohidrat, Status Hidrasi dan Tingkat Kelincahan pada Atlet Basket Remaja. Amerta Nutrition, 2(2), 197. https://doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v2i2.2018.197-204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v2i2.2018.197-204
Dikky, A. E., Mas’Amah, M., & Mandaru, S. S. E. (2020). Implementasi Komunikasi Pemasaran Tentang Citra Merek Brizzi Sebagai Uang Elektronik PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Tbk Cabang Kupang. Jurnal Communio: Jurnal Jurusan Ilmu Komunikasi, 9(1), 1523-1532. https://doi.org/10.35508/jikom.v9i1.2246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35508/jikom.v9i1.2246
Li, C., Wang, C. K. J., Pyun, D. Y., & Martindale, R. (2015). Further development of the talent development environment questionnaire for sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(17), 1831-1843. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1014828 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1014828
Amirrudin, M., Nasution, K., & Supahar, S. (2020). Effect of Variability on Cronbach Alpha Reliability in Research Practice. Jurnal Matematika, Statistika Dan Komputasi, 17(2), 223-230. https://doi.org/10.20956/jmsk.v17i2.11655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20956/jmsk.v17i2.11655
Hatungimana, F., & Oladipo, I. O. (2023). Talent Management Processes as Predictors of Long-Term Athlete Development in Sports Organizations in Burundi. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 11(3), 0-0. https://doi.org/10.61186/aassjournal.1152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.61186/aassjournal.1152
Wijayanti, N. P. N., Tomoliyus, T., Alim, A., Wedi, S., Artanayasa, W., Sudiana, K., Sukamti, E. R., Fauzi, F., Hariono, A., & Prabowo, T. A. (2024). The influence of coaches’ behavior on achievement motivation and performance of Riau athletes. Sport TK, 13. https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.564811 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.564811
Kalén, A., Lundkvist, E., Ivarsson, A., Rey, E., & Pérez-Ferreirós, A. (2021). The influence of initial selection age, relative age effect and country long-term performance on the re-selection process in European basketball youth national teams. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(4), 388-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1823109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1823109
Van Meervelt, K., Van Puyenbroeck, S., & Vande Broek, G. (2023). Can participative coach behaviour be perceived as controlling? The role of athletes’ expectations. European Journal of Sport Science, 23(8), 1677-1686. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2118080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2118080
Latief, H., Suherman, W. S., Rismayanthi, C., Alim, A., Huda, M. S., Yulianto, W. D., & Prabowo, T. A. (2024). The influence of performance in training on self-confidence of wheelchair athletes with coach-athlete intimacy as a moderating variable. Retos, 58, 760-768. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.103726 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.103726
Yi, Q., Zhang, S., Fang, W., & Gómez-Ruano, M. Á. (2021). Modeling the Keys to Team’s Success in the Women’s Chinese Basketball Association. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671860 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671860
Karafil, A. Y., & Ulaş, M. (2023). An evaluation of athletes’ opinions on communication barriers caused by coaches in the interpersonal communication process. Physical Culture and Sport, Studies and Research, 102(1), 28-40. https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2024-0003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2024-0003
Yabe, Y., Hagiwara, Y., Sekiguchi, T., Momma, H., Tsuchiya, M., Kanazawa, K., Yoshida, S., Itoi, E., & Nagatomi, R. (2021). Characteristics of parents who feel a lack of communication with coaches of youth sports. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 253(3), 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.253.191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.253.191
Mandan, A., Tomoliyus, T., Alim, A., & Prabowo, T. A. (2024). The Impact of Service Quality on Self-Confidence of Wheelchair Athletes: An Analysis of Family Support as Moderator. Sport Mont, 22(2), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.26773/smj.240717 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26773/smj.240717
Mandan, A., Tomoliyus, T., Alim, A., Sukamti, E. R., Fauzi, F., Hariono, A., & Prabowo, T. A. (2024). The impact of service quality, family support, and coach-athlete intimacy on the achievement performance of student-athletes through motivation as a mediator. SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias Del Deporte, 13, 14. https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.574101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.574101
Da Silva, W. J. B., Mazzardo, T., Monteiro, G. N., & Aburachid, L. M. C. (2022). Declarative and procedural tactical knowledge in young basketball players throughout a sports season. Journal of Physical Education (Maringa), 33(1). https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v33i1.3315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v33i1.3315
Wibowo, C., Nopiyanto, Y. E., Raibowo, S., Insanistyo, B., Kardi, I. S., Ibrahim, Rasyono, Defliyanto, & Cs, A. (2024). Assessing the Influence of the Flipped Classroom on Physical Education Students’ Engagement in Basketball Learning Activities. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(4), 511-519. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.4.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.4.01
Callaghan, J., Moore, E., & Simpson, J. (2018). Coordinated action, communication, and creativity in basketball in superdiversity. Language and Intercultural Communication, 18(1), 28–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2017.1401694 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2017.1401694
Higgins, M. C. (2022). “I Didn’t Talk to Anybody”: An Ethnography of Basketball as a Communicative Act of Resilience. International Journal of Sport Communication, 15(2), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2022-0033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2022-0033
Luo, H. (2023). Cooperative Learning Strategy in College Basketball Training and Teaching. Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Science, 7(8), 1551-1555. https://doi.org/10.26855/jhass.2023.08.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26855/jhass.2023.08.013
Rodríguez-Cayetano, A., López Ramos, S., Ollero, D. E., & Pérez-Muñoz, S. (2023). Effect of a specific physical preparation program on physical fitness in U18 basketball players. Retos, 50, 152-161. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.97320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.97320
de Almeida, M. B., Oliveira-Neto, J. L., & Nascimento, R. S. (2024). Relative Age Effect on National Basketball Teams Around the World: Analysis By Sex, Age, Location and World Ranking. Journal of Physical Education (Maringa), 35(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v35i1.3528 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v35i1.3528
Boumosleh, J. M., el Hage, C., & Farhat, A. (2021). Sports nutrition knowledge and perceptions among professional basketball athletes and coaches in Lebanon-a cross-sectional study. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00280-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00280-6
Esen, O., Rozwadowski, K., Cepicka, L., Gabrys, T., & Karayigit, R. (2022). Practical Nutrition Strategies to Support Basketball Performance during International Short-Term Tournaments: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 14(22). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224909 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224909
Lima, A. B., Nascimento, J. V., Leonardi, T. J., Soares, A. L., Paes, R. R., Gonçalves, C. E., & Carvalho, H. M. (2020). Deliberate practice, functional performance and psychological characteristics in young basketball players: A bayesian multilevel analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114078 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114078
Imtihansyah, R., Tomoliyus, T., Sukamti, E. R., Fauzi, F., Prabowo, T. A., Prayoga, H. D., Fitrianto, A. T., & Amalia, B. (2024). The Impact of Parental Support on Performance Achievement through Achievement Motivation in Elite Athletes in South Kalimantan, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study with Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Retos, 57, 346-354. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v57.105996 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v57.105996
Haggar, A., & Giles, A. R. (2022). An Intersectional Analysis of the Recruitment and Participation of Second-Generation African Canadian Adolescent Girls in a Community Basketball Program in Ottawa, Canada. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 30(2), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2021-0083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2021-0083
Simons, E. E., & Bird, M. D. (2023). Coach-athlete relationship, social support, and sport-related psychological well-being in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 17(3), 191-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/19357397.2022.2060703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19357397.2022.2060703
Peng, J., Zhang, J., Zhao, L., Fang, P., & Shao, Y. (2020). Coach–athlete attachment and the subjective well-being of athletes: A multiple-mediation model analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134675 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134675
Krommidas, C., Papaioannou, A. G., Comoutos, N., Kouali, D., Galanis, E., & Chroni, S. “Ani.” (2022). Effects of parental support and coach-initiated motivational climate on young athletes’ psychosocial behaviors and well-being. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(3), 140-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.06.002
Sridana, R., Tomoliyus, T., Sukamti, E. R., Prabowo, T. A., & Abrori, R. B. (2024). The Effect of Coaching Style on Performance of Athletes Through Anxiety as Mediating Variable in Adolescent Swimmers El efecto del estilo de entrenamiento sobre el rendimiento de los deportistas a través de la ansiedad como variable mediadora en nadadores. Retos, 55, 241-248. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v55.103150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v55.103150
Benito-Colio, B., González-Férnandez, F. T., Martínez-Cantallops, C., & García-Mármol, E. (2022). The Engagement of the Social Networks in the ACB Basketball League. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013462
Susanto, N., Dinata, W. W., Ihsan, N., Bahtra, R., Andria, Y., Pranoto, N. W., Anam, K., Sofyan, D., Lourenço, C. C. V., Burhaein, E., García-Jiménez, J. V., & Setyawan, H. (2023). Instrument for Assessing Basketball Skills in Junior High School Students in Indonesia. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(12), 3220-3227. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.12368 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.12368
Vianna, R. de M., Werneck, F. Z., Coelho, E. F., Miranda, L., Campos, V. A. S. de, & Filho, M. G. B. (2024). Talent identification for volleyball: A statistical modeling based on the students’ predicted adult height. Journal of Physical Education (Maringa), 34(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v34i1.3444 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v34i1.3444
Wedi, S., Tomoliyus, T., Fauzi, F., Gemaini, A., & Prabowo, T. A. (2024). Innovation, Validity, and Reliability of Modified Dynamic Balance Test for Karate Kata Category. Sport Mont, 22(3), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.26773/smj.241004
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Kukuh Hardopo Putro, Suharjana Suharjana, Agus Susworo Dwi Marhaendro, Fauzi Fauzi, Danang Wicaksono, Subagyo Irianto, Trisnar Adi Prabowo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
