Moderate-intensity Exercise Decreases Cortisol Response in Overweight Adolescent Women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.3s.04Keywords:
Cortisol, exercise, metabolic syndrome, overweight, stressAbstract
The study purpose was to demonstrate the effect of moderate-intensity exercise on reducing cortisol levels in overweight adolescent women.
Materials and methods. This study is an actual trial study with a pre-test randomized control group design involving 20 overweight adolescent women aged 19–22 as research subjects who were randomly divided into two groups, namely CNG (n = 10, control group) and EXG (n = 10, moderate-intensity exercise group). The moderate-intensity exercise intervention was performed for 40 minutes on a treadmill. Cortisol levels were measured using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Data analysis technique used t-test of independent samples and correlation test using Pearson's correlation coefficient with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.
Results. Cortisol levels were obtained as a result of the best means between CNG and EXG (222.57 ± 56.04 vs 225.56 ± 63.96 ng/mL, (p ≥ 0.05)), post-test cortisol levels between CNG and EXG (238, 27 ± 77.94 vs 118.13 ± 12.90 ng/mL, (p ≤ 0.001)) and cortisol Δ between CNG vs EXG (15.71 ± 13.14 vs -107.43 ± 21, 13 ng/mL, (p ≤ 0.001)). Cortisol levels also showed a positive relationship with markers of overweight (p ≤ 0.05).
Conclusions. Based on the study results, it was concluded that the cortisol response decreased after moderate-intensity exercise and found a positive relationship between cortisol levels and markers of overweight. These results could be used as a long-term approach to modifying an active lifestyle to reduce stress levels.
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References
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Shrimpton, R., & Rokx, C. (2013). The Double Burden of Malnutrition in Indonesia, World Bank Jakarta, Report 76192-ID.
Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) (2018). National report on basic health research. Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia. Available at: http://www.kesmas.kemkes.go.id
Urbanetto, J. S., Rocha, P., Dutra, R. C., Maciel, M. C., Bandeira, A. G., & Magnago, T. (2019). Stress and overweight/obesity among nursing students. Estresse e sobrepeso/obesidade em estudantes de enfermagem. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem, 27, e3177. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2966.3177
Heraclides, A. M., Chandola, T., Witte, D. R., & Brunner, E. J. (2012). Work stress, obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: gender-specific bidirectional effect in the Whitehall II study. Obesity, 20(2), 428-433. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.95
Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2005). Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nature reviews. Immunology, 5(3), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1571
Foss, B., & Dyrstad, S. M. (2011). Stress in obesity: cause or consequence? Medical hypotheses, 77(1), 7-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.03.011
De Vriendt, T., Moreno, L. A., & De Henauw, S. (2009). Chronic stress and obesity in adolescents: scientific evidence and methodological issues for epidemiological research. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases, 19(7), 511-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2009.02.009
Torres, S. J., & Nowson, C. A. (2007). Relationship between stress, eating behavior, and obesity. Nutrition, 23(11-12), 887-894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2007.08.008
Niemiro, G. M., Rewane, A., & Algotar, A. M. (2021). Exercise and Fitness Effect on Obesity. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Gerber, M., Imboden, C., Beck, J., Brand, S., Colledge, F., Eckert, A., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Pühse, U., & Hatzinger, M. (2020). Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Cortisol Stress Reactivity in Response to the Trier Social Stress Test in Inpatients with Major Depressive Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of clinical medicine, 9(5), 1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051419
Caplin, A., Chen, F. S., Beauchamp, M. R., & Puterman, E. (2021). The effects of exercise intensity on the cortisol response to a subsequent acute psychosocial stressor. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 131, 105336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105336
Pauli, R., Souza, L., Rogatto, G., Gomes, R., & Luciano, E. (2006) Glicocorticóides e síndrome metabólica: aspectos favoráveis do exercício físico nesta patofisiologia. Rev Port Cien Desp, 6, 217-228. https://doi.org/10.5628/rpcd.06.02.217
Sugiharto (2012). Physioneurohormonal in sports stressors. Journal of Psychological Science, 2(2), 54-66.
Corazza, D.I., Sebastião, É., Pedroso, R.V. Andreatto, C.A.A., de Melo Coelho, F.G., Gobbi, S., Teodorov, E., & Santos-Galduróz, R.F. (2014) Influence of chronic exercise on serum cortisol levels in older adults. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 11, 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11556-013-0126-8
Pranoto, A., Wahyudi, E., Prasetya, R.E., Fauziyah, S. Kinanti, R.G., Sugiharto, S., & Rejeki, P.S. (2020). High intensity exercise increases brain derived neurotrophic factor expression and number of hippocampal neurons in rats. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 16(4), 325-332. https://doi.org/10.3920/CEP190063
Irandoust, K., & Taheri, M. (2018). Effect of a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Serotonin and Cortisol Levels in Obese Women with Sleep Disorders. Women’s Health Bulletin, 6(1), e83303.
Koc, S. (2018). The Acute Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Serum Cortisol Levels of Athletes and Sedentary Individuals. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(12a), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i12a.3901
Karacabey, K. (2009). The effect of exercise on leptin, insulin, cortisol and lipid profiles in obese children. The Journal of international medical research, 37(5), 1472-1478. https://doi.org/10.1177/147323000903700523
Singh, M., Sachdev, S., & Singh, A. (2019). Effect of acute bout of moderate-intensity physical exercise on parameters of stress and cognitive functions. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 9(1), 1068-1072. https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2019.9.0828014082019
Davitt, P.M., Henderson, G.C., Walker, A.J., & Arent, S.M. (2017). Postprandial hormone response after endurance or resistance exercise in obese women. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 13(4), 227-235. https://doi.org/10.3920/CEP170008
Koch, A.J. (2010). Immune Response To Exercise. Brazilian Journal of Biomotricity, 4(2), 92-103.
Rejeki, P.S., Pranoto, A., Prasetya, R.E., & Sugiharto (2021). Irisin serum increasing pattern is higher at moderate-intensity continuous exercise than at moderate-intensity interval exercise in obese females. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 17(5), 475-484. https://doi.org/10.3920/CEP200050
Nedić, O., Šunderić, M., Miljuš, G., Valdevit, Z., Jakovljević, V., Glibetić, M., & Vučić, V. (2017). Preparatory training attenuates drastic response of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 at the point of maximal oxygen consumption in handball players. Journal of sport and health science, 6(3), 372-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.01.014
Rejeki, P. S., Baskara, P. G., Herawati, L., Pranoto, A., Setiawan, H. K., Lesmana, R., & Halim, S. (2022). Moderate-intensity exercise decreases the circulating level of betatrophin and its correlation among markers of obesity in women. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0393
Nimptsch, K., Konigorski, S., & Pischon, T. (2019). Diagnosis of obesity and use of obesity biomarkers in science and clinical medicine. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 92, 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.12.006
Adji, B.S., Sugiharto, Merawati, D., & Pranoto, A. (2021). The increase of uncoupling protein-1 expression after moderate intensity continuous exercises in obese females. Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 7(2), 194-205. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v7i2.15932
Raharjo, S., Pranoto, A., Rejeki, P. S., Harisman, A. S. M., Pamungkas, Y. P., & Andiana, O. (2021). Negative Correlation between Serum Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels and Obesity Predictor Markers and Inflammation Levels in Females with Obesity. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(B), 1021-1026. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6840
Andarianto, A., Rejeki, P.S., Sakina, Pranoto, A., Seputra, T.W.A., Sugiharto, & Miftahussurur, M. (2022). Inflammatory markers in response to interval and continuous exercise in obese women. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 18(2), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.3920/CEP210038
Yosika, G. F., Sukoco, P., Pranoto, A., & Purwoto, S. P. (2020). Serum malondialdehyde decreases after moderate interval and continuous morning exercise in obese females. Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 6(2), 288-303. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.vi.14289
Kong, Z., Sun, S., Liu, M., & Shi, Q. (2016). Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training on Body Composition and Blood Glucose in Overweight and Obese Young Women. Journal of diabetes research, 2016, 4073618. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4073618
Rimmele, U., Zellweger, B. C., Marti, B., Seiler, R., Mohiyeddini, C., Ehlert, U., & Heinrichs, M. (2007). Trained men show lower cortisol, heart rate and psychological responses to psychosocial stress compared with untrained men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(6), 627-635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.04.005
Anderson, E., & Shivakumar, G. (2013). Effects of exercise and physical activity on anxiety. Frontiers in psychiatry, 4, 27. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027
Mukarromah, S.B., Susanto, H., & Rahayu, T. (2016). Effect of Aquarobic and Weight Training on Cortisol Levels in Obese Women. KEMAS: Journal of Public Health, 12(1), 34-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v12i1.5510
Beaven, C. M., Hopkins, W. G., Hansen, K. T., Wood, M. R., Cronin, J. B., & Lowe, T. E. (2008). Dose effect of caffeine on testosterone and cortisol responses to resistance exercise. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 18(2), 131-141. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.18.2.131
Mrakic-Sposta, S., Gussoni, M., Moretti, S., Pratali, L., Giardini, G., Tacchini, P., Dellanoce, C., Tonacci, A., Mastorci, F., Borghini, A., Montorsi, M., & Vezzoli, A. (2015). Effects of Mountain Ultra-Marathon Running on ROS Production and Oxidative Damage by Micro-Invasive Analytic Techniques. PloS one, 10(11), e0141780. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141780
Popovic, B., Popovic, D., Macut, D., Antic, I. B., Isailovic, T., Ognjanovic, S., Bogavac, T., Kovacevic, V. E., Ilic, D., Petrovic, M., & Damjanovic, S. (2019). Acute Response to Endurance Exercise Stress: Focus on Catabolic/anabolic Interplay Between Cortisol, Testosterone, and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin in Professional Athletes. Journal of medical biochemistry, 38(1), 6-12. https://doi.org/10.2478/jomb-2018-0016
Tomiyama, A. J. (2019). Stress and Obesity. Annual review of psychology, 70, 703-718. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936
The GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators (2017). Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(1), 13-27. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
Environment and Health Information System (ENHIS) (2009). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Available at: https://gateway.euro.who.int/en/datasets/enhis/
Seidell, J. C., & Halberstadt, J. (2015). The global burden of obesity and the challenges of prevention. Annals of nutrition & metabolism, 66(2), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1159/000375143
Shrimpton, R., & Rokx, C. (2013). The Double Burden of Malnutrition in Indonesia, World Bank Jakarta, Report 76192-ID.
Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) (2018). National report on basic health research. Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia. Available at: http://www.kesmas.kemkes.go.id
Urbanetto, J. S., Rocha, P., Dutra, R. C., Maciel, M. C., Bandeira, A. G., & Magnago, T. (2019). Stress and overweight/obesity among nursing students. Estresse e sobrepeso/obesidade em estudantes de enfermagem. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem, 27, e3177. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2966.3177
Heraclides, A. M., Chandola, T., Witte, D. R., & Brunner, E. J. (2012). Work stress, obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: gender-specific bidirectional effect in the Whitehall II study. Obesity, 20(2), 428-433. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.95
Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2005). Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nature reviews. Immunology, 5(3), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1571
Foss, B., & Dyrstad, S. M. (2011). Stress in obesity: cause or consequence? Medical hypotheses, 77(1), 7-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.03.011
De Vriendt, T., Moreno, L. A., & De Henauw, S. (2009). Chronic stress and obesity in adolescents: scientific evidence and methodological issues for epidemiological research. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases, 19(7), 511-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2009.02.009
Torres, S. J., & Nowson, C. A. (2007). Relationship between stress, eating behavior, and obesity. Nutrition, 23(11-12), 887-894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2007.08.008
Niemiro, G. M., Rewane, A., & Algotar, A. M. (2021). Exercise and Fitness Effect on Obesity. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Gerber, M., Imboden, C., Beck, J., Brand, S., Colledge, F., Eckert, A., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Pühse, U., & Hatzinger, M. (2020). Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Cortisol Stress Reactivity in Response to the Trier Social Stress Test in Inpatients with Major Depressive Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of clinical medicine, 9(5), 1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051419
Caplin, A., Chen, F. S., Beauchamp, M. R., & Puterman, E. (2021). The effects of exercise intensity on the cortisol response to a subsequent acute psychosocial stressor. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 131, 105336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105336
Pauli, R., Souza, L., Rogatto, G., Gomes, R., & Luciano, E. (2006) Glicocorticóides e síndrome metabólica: aspectos favoráveis do exercício físico nesta patofisiologia. Rev Port Cien Desp, 6, 217-228. https://doi.org/10.5628/rpcd.06.02.217
Sugiharto (2012). Physioneurohormonal in sports stressors. Journal of Psychological Science, 2(2), 54-66.
Corazza, D.I., Sebastião, É., Pedroso, R.V. Andreatto, C.A.A., de Melo Coelho, F.G., Gobbi, S., Teodorov, E., & Santos-Galduróz, R.F. (2014) Influence of chronic exercise on serum cortisol levels in older adults. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 11, 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11556-013-0126-8
Pranoto, A., Wahyudi, E., Prasetya, R.E., Fauziyah, S. Kinanti, R.G., Sugiharto, S., & Rejeki, P.S. (2020). High intensity exercise increases brain derived neurotrophic factor expression and number of hippocampal neurons in rats. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 16(4), 325-332. https://doi.org/10.3920/CEP190063
Irandoust, K., & Taheri, M. (2018). Effect of a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Serotonin and Cortisol Levels in Obese Women with Sleep Disorders. Women’s Health Bulletin, 6(1), e83303.
Koc, S. (2018). The Acute Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Serum Cortisol Levels of Athletes and Sedentary Individuals. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(12a), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i12a.3901
Karacabey, K. (2009). The effect of exercise on leptin, insulin, cortisol and lipid profiles in obese children. The Journal of international medical research, 37(5), 1472-1478. https://doi.org/10.1177/147323000903700523
Singh, M., Sachdev, S., & Singh, A. (2019). Effect of acute bout of moderate-intensity physical exercise on parameters of stress and cognitive functions. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 9(1), 1068-1072. https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2019.9.0828014082019
Davitt, P.M., Henderson, G.C., Walker, A.J., & Arent, S.M. (2017). Postprandial hormone response after endurance or resistance exercise in obese women. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 13(4), 227-235. https://doi.org/10.3920/CEP170008
Koch, A.J. (2010). Immune Response To Exercise. Brazilian Journal of Biomotricity, 4(2), 92-103.
Rejeki, P.S., Pranoto, A., Prasetya, R.E., & Sugiharto (2021). Irisin serum increasing pattern is higher at moderate-intensity continuous exercise than at moderate-intensity interval exercise in obese females. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 17(5), 475-484. https://doi.org/10.3920/CEP200050
Nedić, O., Šunderić, M., Miljuš, G., Valdevit, Z., Jakovljević, V., Glibetić, M., & Vučić, V. (2017). Preparatory training attenuates drastic response of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 at the point of maximal oxygen consumption in handball players. Journal of sport and health science, 6(3), 372-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.01.014
Rejeki, P. S., Baskara, P. G., Herawati, L., Pranoto, A., Setiawan, H. K., Lesmana, R., & Halim, S. (2022). Moderate-intensity exercise decreases the circulating level of betatrophin and its correlation among markers of obesity in women. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0393
Nimptsch, K., Konigorski, S., & Pischon, T. (2019). Diagnosis of obesity and use of obesity biomarkers in science and clinical medicine. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 92, 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.12.006
Adji, B.S., Sugiharto, Merawati, D., & Pranoto, A. (2021). The increase of uncoupling protein-1 expression after moderate intensity continuous exercises in obese females. Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 7(2), 194-205. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v7i2.15932
Raharjo, S., Pranoto, A., Rejeki, P. S., Harisman, A. S. M., Pamungkas, Y. P., & Andiana, O. (2021). Negative Correlation between Serum Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels and Obesity Predictor Markers and Inflammation Levels in Females with Obesity. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(B), 1021-1026. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6840
Andarianto, A., Rejeki, P.S., Sakina, Pranoto, A., Seputra, T.W.A., Sugiharto, & Miftahussurur, M. (2022). Inflammatory markers in response to interval and continuous exercise in obese women. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 18(2), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.3920/CEP210038
Yosika, G. F., Sukoco, P., Pranoto, A., & Purwoto, S. P. (2020). Serum malondialdehyde decreases after moderate interval and continuous morning exercise in obese females. Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 6(2), 288-303. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.vi.14289
Kong, Z., Sun, S., Liu, M., & Shi, Q. (2016). Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training on Body Composition and Blood Glucose in Overweight and Obese Young Women. Journal of diabetes research, 2016, 4073618. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4073618
Rimmele, U., Zellweger, B. C., Marti, B., Seiler, R., Mohiyeddini, C., Ehlert, U., & Heinrichs, M. (2007). Trained men show lower cortisol, heart rate and psychological responses to psychosocial stress compared with untrained men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(6), 627-635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.04.005
Anderson, E., & Shivakumar, G. (2013). Effects of exercise and physical activity on anxiety. Frontiers in psychiatry, 4, 27. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027
Mukarromah, S.B., Susanto, H., & Rahayu, T. (2016). Effect of Aquarobic and Weight Training on Cortisol Levels in Obese Women. KEMAS: Journal of Public Health, 12(1), 34-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v12i1.5510
Beaven, C. M., Hopkins, W. G., Hansen, K. T., Wood, M. R., Cronin, J. B., & Lowe, T. E. (2008). Dose effect of caffeine on testosterone and cortisol responses to resistance exercise. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 18(2), 131-141. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.18.2.131
Mrakic-Sposta, S., Gussoni, M., Moretti, S., Pratali, L., Giardini, G., Tacchini, P., Dellanoce, C., Tonacci, A., Mastorci, F., Borghini, A., Montorsi, M., & Vezzoli, A. (2015). Effects of Mountain Ultra-Marathon Running on ROS Production and Oxidative Damage by Micro-Invasive Analytic Techniques. PloS one, 10(11), e0141780. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141780
Popovic, B., Popovic, D., Macut, D., Antic, I. B., Isailovic, T., Ognjanovic, S., Bogavac, T., Kovacevic, V. E., Ilic, D., Petrovic, M., & Damjanovic, S. (2019). Acute Response to Endurance Exercise Stress: Focus on Catabolic/anabolic Interplay Between Cortisol, Testosterone, and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin in Professional Athletes. Journal of medical biochemistry, 38(1), 6-12. https://doi.org/10.2478/jomb-2018-0016
Tomiyama, A. J. (2019). Stress and Obesity. Annual review of psychology, 70, 703-718. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936
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Published
2022-11-30
How to Cite
Setiakarnawijaya, Y., Widiastuti, W., Taufik, M. S., Kuswahyudi, K., Awaluddin, A., Sina, I., Hasyim, A. H., Hasyim, H., Hafidz, A., & Muharram, N. A. (2022). Moderate-intensity Exercise Decreases Cortisol Response in Overweight Adolescent Women. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(3s), S30-S36. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.3s.04
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