Effectiveness of Mobility and Stability Exercises in Resistance-Trained Males with Shoulder Immobility in Different Age Groups
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.4.13Keywords:
Awareness, Body Builders, Exercise, Resistance-trained, Posture, ShoulderAbstract
Background. Resistance-trained males aim to increase their overall health, strength and fitness level. Many resistance-trained males aiming to increase their strength neglect the muscles that stabilize the scapular and glenohumeral joints. The shoulder joint is among the most frequently injured areas in resistance-trained males. In addition, strength training displays different effects in young and old individuals.
The study purpose was to investigate the effects of stability and mobility exercises on range of motion, posture and body awareness in resistance-trained males with shoulder immobility.
Materials and methods. Thirty-two resistance-trained males diagnosed with shoulder immobility were divided into two groups according to their age ranges (G1: Adult, G2: Young Adult). The program consisting of mobility and stability exercises was applied 3 days a week for 8 weeks. The participants were evaluated with a universal goniometer, the New York Posture Rating, and the Body Awareness Questionnaire before and after the treatment lasting 8 weeks.
Results. Following the 8-week treatment, improvements in body awareness and range of motion were observed in all participants (p≤0.05). There were improvements in the scores of the New York Posture Rating and Body Awareness Questionnaire in both groups, but they were not statistically significant (p≥0.05).
Conclusions. An exercise program combining stability and mobility exercises was applied to resistance-trained males with shoulder immobility and it was observed to have positive effects on the range of motion of the joint, body awareness and posture. We are of the opinion that various types of exercise should be implemented when planning exercise programs.
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References
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Kolber, M. J., Beekhuizen, K. S., Cheng, M. S. S., & Hellman, M. A. (2009a). Shoulder Joint And Muscle Characteristics In The Recreational Weight Training Population. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(1), 148-157. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0B013E31818EAFB4
Best, M. J., & Tanaka, M. J. (2018). Multidirectional Instability of the Shoulder: Treatment Options and Considerations. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, 26(3), 113-119. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000199
Grandou, C., Wallace, L., Impellizzeri, F. M., Allen, N. G., & Coutts, A. J. (2020). Overtraining in Resistance Exercise: An Exploratory Systematic Review and Methodological Appraisal of the Literature. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 50(4), 815-828. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-019-01242-2
Stunes, A. K., Brobakken, C. L., Sujan, M. A. J., Aagård, N., Brevig, M. S., Wang, E., Syversen, U., & Mosti, M. P. (2022). Acute Effects of Strength and Endurance Training on Bone Turnover Markers in Young Adults and Elderly Men. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/FENDO.2022.915241
Petrella, J. K., Kim, J. S., Tuggle, S. C., & Bamman, M. M. (2007). Contributions of Force And Velocity to Improved Power with Progressive Resistance Training in Young and Older Adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 99(4), 343-351. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421-006-0353-Z/TABLES/2
Kosek, D. J., Kim, J. S., Petrella, J. K., Cross, J. M., & Bamman, M. M. (2006). Efficacy of 3 days/wk Resistance Training On Myofiber Hypertrophy And Myogenic Mechanisms In Young Vs. Older Adults. Journal of Applied Physiology, 101(2), 531-544. https://doi.org/10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.01474.2005
Rader, E. P., Layner, K. N., Triscuit, A. M., Chetlin, R. D., Ensey, J., & Baker, B. A. (2016). Age-dependent Muscle Adaptation after Chronic Stretch-shortening Contractions in Rats. Aging and Disease, 7(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2015.0920
Pesta, D., Thaler, A., Hoppel, F., Macek, C., Schocke, M., & Burtscher, M. (2014). Effects of a 10-week Conventional Strength Training Program on Lower Leg Muscle Performance in Adolescent Boys Compared to Adults. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 54(2), 147-153. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24509985/
Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Davies, T. B., Lazinica, B., Krieger, J. W., & Pedisic, Z. (2018). Effect of Resistance Training Frequency on Gains in Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 48(5), 1207-1220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0872-x
McRoberts, L. B., Cloud, R. M., & Black, C. M. (2013). Evaluation of the New York Posture Rating Chart for Assessing Changes in Postural Alignment in a Garment Study. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 31(2), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X13480558
Karaca, S., & Bayar, B. (2021). Turkish Version of Body Awareness Questionnaire: Validity and Reliability Study. Türk Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 32(1), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.21653/TJPR.660186
Martel, G. F., Roth, S. M., Ivey, F. M., Lemmer, J. T., Tracy, B. L., Hurlbut, D. E., Metter, E. J., Hurley, B. F., & Rogers, M. A. (2006). Age and sex Affect Human Muscle Fibre Adaptations To Heavy-Resistance Strength Training. Experimental Physiology, 91(2), 457-464. https://doi.org/10.1113/EXPPHYSIOL.2005.032771
Staron, R. S., Hagerman, F. C., Hikida, R. S., Murray, T. F., Hostler, D. P., Crill, M. T., Ragg, K. E., & Toma, K. (2000). Fiber Type Composition of the Vastus Lateralis Muscle of Young Men and Women. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry: Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society, 48(5), 623-629. https://doi.org/10.1177/002215540004800506
Bougea, A., Papadimas, G., Papadopoulos, C., Paraskevas, G. P., Kalfakis, N., Manta, P., & Kararizou, E. (2016). An Age-Related Morphometric Profile of Skeletal Muscle in Healthy Untrained Women. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/JCM5110097
Siewe, J., Marx, G., Knöll, P., Eysel, P., Zarghooni, K., Graf, M., Herren, C., Sobottke, R., & Michael, J. (2014). Injuries and Overuse Syndromes in Competitive and Elite Bodybuilding. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(11), 943-948. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0034-1367049
Moezy, A., Sepehrifar, S., & Dodaran, M. S. (2014). The effects of scapular stabilization based exercise therapy on pain, posture, flexibility and shoulder mobility in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome: a controlled randomized clinical trial. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 28(1), 87.
Gharisia, O., Lohman, E., Daher, N., Eldridge, A., Shallan, A., & Jaber, H. (2021). Effect of a Novel Stretching Technique on Shoulder Range of Motion in Overhead Athletes With Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficits: A Randomized Controlled Trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12891-021-04292-8
Goto, M., Maeda, C., Hirayama, T., Terada, S., Nirengi, S., Kurosawa, Y., Nagano, A., & Hamaoka, T. (2019). Partial Range of Motion Exercise Is Effective for Facilitating Muscle Hypertrophy and Function Through Sustained Intramuscular Hypoxia in Young Trained Men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(5), 1286-1294. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002051
Moradi, M., Hadadnezhad, M., Letafatkar, A., Khosrokiani, Z., & Baker, J. S. (2020). Efficacy of Throwing Exercise with TheraBand in Male Volleyball Players with Shoulder Internal Rotation Deficit: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12891-020-03414-Y
Ferreira, D. v., Ferreira-Júnior, J. B., Soares, S. R. S., Cadore, E. L., Izquierdo, M., Brown, L. E., & Bottaro, M. (2017). Chest Press Exercises With Different Stability Requirements Result in Similar Muscle Damage Recovery in Resistance-Trained Men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(1), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001453
Thigpen, C. A., Lynch, S. S., Mihalik, J. P., Prentice, W. E., & Padua, D. (2010). The Effects of an Exercise Intervention on Forward Head and Rounded Shoulder Postures In Elite Swimmers. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(5), 376-381. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSM.2009.066837
Kim, M.-K., Lee, J. C., & Yoo, K.-T. (2018). The Effects Of Shoulder Stabilization Exercises And Pectoralis Minor Stretching On Balance And Maximal Shoulder Muscle Strength Of Healthy Young Adults With Round Shoulder Posture. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30(3), 373-380. https://doi.org/10.1589/JPTS.30.373
Lee, J. hyun, Cynn, H. seock, Yoon, T. lim, Ko, C. hee, Choi, W. jeong, Choi, S. ah, & Choi, B. sam. (2015). The Effect Of Scapular Posterior Tilt Exercise, Pectoralis Minor Stretching, And Shoulder Brace On Scapular Alignment And Muscles Activity In Subjects With Round-Shoulder Posture. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology, 25(1), 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JELEKIN.2014.10.010
Ruivo, R. M., Pezarat-Correia, P., & Carita, A. I. (2017). Effects of a Resistance and Stretching Training Program on Forward Head and Protracted Shoulder Posture in Adolescents. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 40(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMPT.2016.10.005
Shiravi, S., Letafatkar, A., Bertozzi, L., Pillastrini, P., & Khaleghi Tazji, M. (2019). Efficacy of Abdominal Control Feedback and Scapula Stabilization Exercises in Participants With Forward Head, Round Shoulder Postures and Neck Movement Impairment. Sports Health, 11(3), 272–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738119835223
Erden, A., & Emirzeoǧlu, M. (2020). Investigation of Body Awareness Level and Performance Emotional Status of Athletes in Different Branches of Sports. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 29(1), 23-27. https://doi.org/10.1123/JSR.2018-0334
Tikac, G., Unal, A., & Altug, F. (2022). Regular exercise improves the levels of self-efficacy, self-esteem and body awareness of young adults. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 62(1), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12143-7
An, H. Y., Chen, W., Wang, C. W., Yang, H. F., Huang, W. T., & Fan, S. Y. (2020). The Relationships between Physical Activity and Life Satisfaction and Happiness among Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH17134817
Degens, H., Stasiulis, A., Skurvydas, A., Statkeviciene, B., & Venckunas, T. (2019). Physiological Comparison Between Non-Athletes, Endurance, Power and Team Athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 119(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421-019-04128-3
Kolber, M. J., Beekhuizen, K. S., Cheng, M. S. S., & Hellman, M. A. (2009a). Shoulder Joint And Muscle Characteristics In The Recreational Weight Training Population. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(1), 148-157. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0B013E31818EAFB4
Best, M. J., & Tanaka, M. J. (2018). Multidirectional Instability of the Shoulder: Treatment Options and Considerations. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, 26(3), 113-119. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000199
Grandou, C., Wallace, L., Impellizzeri, F. M., Allen, N. G., & Coutts, A. J. (2020). Overtraining in Resistance Exercise: An Exploratory Systematic Review and Methodological Appraisal of the Literature. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 50(4), 815-828. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-019-01242-2
Stunes, A. K., Brobakken, C. L., Sujan, M. A. J., Aagård, N., Brevig, M. S., Wang, E., Syversen, U., & Mosti, M. P. (2022). Acute Effects of Strength and Endurance Training on Bone Turnover Markers in Young Adults and Elderly Men. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/FENDO.2022.915241
Petrella, J. K., Kim, J. S., Tuggle, S. C., & Bamman, M. M. (2007). Contributions of Force And Velocity to Improved Power with Progressive Resistance Training in Young and Older Adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 99(4), 343-351. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421-006-0353-Z/TABLES/2
Kosek, D. J., Kim, J. S., Petrella, J. K., Cross, J. M., & Bamman, M. M. (2006). Efficacy of 3 days/wk Resistance Training On Myofiber Hypertrophy And Myogenic Mechanisms In Young Vs. Older Adults. Journal of Applied Physiology, 101(2), 531-544. https://doi.org/10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.01474.2005
Rader, E. P., Layner, K. N., Triscuit, A. M., Chetlin, R. D., Ensey, J., & Baker, B. A. (2016). Age-dependent Muscle Adaptation after Chronic Stretch-shortening Contractions in Rats. Aging and Disease, 7(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2015.0920
Pesta, D., Thaler, A., Hoppel, F., Macek, C., Schocke, M., & Burtscher, M. (2014). Effects of a 10-week Conventional Strength Training Program on Lower Leg Muscle Performance in Adolescent Boys Compared to Adults. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 54(2), 147-153. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24509985/
Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Davies, T. B., Lazinica, B., Krieger, J. W., & Pedisic, Z. (2018). Effect of Resistance Training Frequency on Gains in Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 48(5), 1207-1220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0872-x
McRoberts, L. B., Cloud, R. M., & Black, C. M. (2013). Evaluation of the New York Posture Rating Chart for Assessing Changes in Postural Alignment in a Garment Study. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 31(2), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X13480558
Karaca, S., & Bayar, B. (2021). Turkish Version of Body Awareness Questionnaire: Validity and Reliability Study. Türk Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 32(1), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.21653/TJPR.660186
Martel, G. F., Roth, S. M., Ivey, F. M., Lemmer, J. T., Tracy, B. L., Hurlbut, D. E., Metter, E. J., Hurley, B. F., & Rogers, M. A. (2006). Age and sex Affect Human Muscle Fibre Adaptations To Heavy-Resistance Strength Training. Experimental Physiology, 91(2), 457-464. https://doi.org/10.1113/EXPPHYSIOL.2005.032771
Staron, R. S., Hagerman, F. C., Hikida, R. S., Murray, T. F., Hostler, D. P., Crill, M. T., Ragg, K. E., & Toma, K. (2000). Fiber Type Composition of the Vastus Lateralis Muscle of Young Men and Women. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry: Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society, 48(5), 623-629. https://doi.org/10.1177/002215540004800506
Bougea, A., Papadimas, G., Papadopoulos, C., Paraskevas, G. P., Kalfakis, N., Manta, P., & Kararizou, E. (2016). An Age-Related Morphometric Profile of Skeletal Muscle in Healthy Untrained Women. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/JCM5110097
Siewe, J., Marx, G., Knöll, P., Eysel, P., Zarghooni, K., Graf, M., Herren, C., Sobottke, R., & Michael, J. (2014). Injuries and Overuse Syndromes in Competitive and Elite Bodybuilding. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(11), 943-948. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0034-1367049
Moezy, A., Sepehrifar, S., & Dodaran, M. S. (2014). The effects of scapular stabilization based exercise therapy on pain, posture, flexibility and shoulder mobility in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome: a controlled randomized clinical trial. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 28(1), 87.
Gharisia, O., Lohman, E., Daher, N., Eldridge, A., Shallan, A., & Jaber, H. (2021). Effect of a Novel Stretching Technique on Shoulder Range of Motion in Overhead Athletes With Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficits: A Randomized Controlled Trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12891-021-04292-8
Goto, M., Maeda, C., Hirayama, T., Terada, S., Nirengi, S., Kurosawa, Y., Nagano, A., & Hamaoka, T. (2019). Partial Range of Motion Exercise Is Effective for Facilitating Muscle Hypertrophy and Function Through Sustained Intramuscular Hypoxia in Young Trained Men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(5), 1286-1294. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002051
Moradi, M., Hadadnezhad, M., Letafatkar, A., Khosrokiani, Z., & Baker, J. S. (2020). Efficacy of Throwing Exercise with TheraBand in Male Volleyball Players with Shoulder Internal Rotation Deficit: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12891-020-03414-Y
Ferreira, D. v., Ferreira-Júnior, J. B., Soares, S. R. S., Cadore, E. L., Izquierdo, M., Brown, L. E., & Bottaro, M. (2017). Chest Press Exercises With Different Stability Requirements Result in Similar Muscle Damage Recovery in Resistance-Trained Men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(1), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001453
Thigpen, C. A., Lynch, S. S., Mihalik, J. P., Prentice, W. E., & Padua, D. (2010). The Effects of an Exercise Intervention on Forward Head and Rounded Shoulder Postures In Elite Swimmers. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(5), 376-381. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSM.2009.066837
Kim, M.-K., Lee, J. C., & Yoo, K.-T. (2018). The Effects Of Shoulder Stabilization Exercises And Pectoralis Minor Stretching On Balance And Maximal Shoulder Muscle Strength Of Healthy Young Adults With Round Shoulder Posture. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30(3), 373-380. https://doi.org/10.1589/JPTS.30.373
Lee, J. hyun, Cynn, H. seock, Yoon, T. lim, Ko, C. hee, Choi, W. jeong, Choi, S. ah, & Choi, B. sam. (2015). The Effect Of Scapular Posterior Tilt Exercise, Pectoralis Minor Stretching, And Shoulder Brace On Scapular Alignment And Muscles Activity In Subjects With Round-Shoulder Posture. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology, 25(1), 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JELEKIN.2014.10.010
Ruivo, R. M., Pezarat-Correia, P., & Carita, A. I. (2017). Effects of a Resistance and Stretching Training Program on Forward Head and Protracted Shoulder Posture in Adolescents. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 40(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMPT.2016.10.005
Shiravi, S., Letafatkar, A., Bertozzi, L., Pillastrini, P., & Khaleghi Tazji, M. (2019). Efficacy of Abdominal Control Feedback and Scapula Stabilization Exercises in Participants With Forward Head, Round Shoulder Postures and Neck Movement Impairment. Sports Health, 11(3), 272–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738119835223
Erden, A., & Emirzeoǧlu, M. (2020). Investigation of Body Awareness Level and Performance Emotional Status of Athletes in Different Branches of Sports. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 29(1), 23-27. https://doi.org/10.1123/JSR.2018-0334
Tikac, G., Unal, A., & Altug, F. (2022). Regular exercise improves the levels of self-efficacy, self-esteem and body awareness of young adults. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 62(1), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12143-7
An, H. Y., Chen, W., Wang, C. W., Yang, H. F., Huang, W. T., & Fan, S. Y. (2020). The Relationships between Physical Activity and Life Satisfaction and Happiness among Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH17134817
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Published
2022-12-23
How to Cite
Genç, H., Tahmaz, T., & Akgül, O. (2022). Effectiveness of Mobility and Stability Exercises in Resistance-Trained Males with Shoulder Immobility in Different Age Groups. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(4), 544–550. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.4.13
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