The Effect of 12-Week Calisthenics Exercise on Physical Fitness among Obese Female Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.3s.06Keywords:
Physical fitness, obesity, calisthenic exerciseAbstract
Study purpose. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of calisthenics exercise on physical fitness.
Materials and methods. 28 obese female students aged 20–30 with a BMI ranging between 30 kg/m2 and 35 kg/m2 were involved in this study. Participants were randomly divided into three groups which comprised a calisthenics exercise group, an aerobic calisthenics exercise and a control group. Sit and reach test (flexibility), sit up test (muscular endurance) and 20-meter shuttle run test (cardiovascular endurance) were measured as physical fitness parameters. All the tests were conducted before and after a 12-week intervention training program.
Results. The results of this study indicate that the calisthenics and aerobic calisthenics groups had significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the sit and reach test performance compared to the control group. The aerobic calisthenics group also showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the sit up and 20-metre shuttle run test performance compared to the calisthenics and control groups.
Conclusions. In conclusion, these study findings demonstrated that calisthenics exercise when combined with aerobic exercise was more effective to improve flexibility, muscular endurance and cardiovascular endurance among obese female students compared to calisthenics exercise only. Therefore, it is suggested that fitness trainers should consider combining calisthenics exercise with aerobics in the training program to improve flexibility, muscular and cardiovascular endurance.
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References
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Al Saif, A., & Alsenany, S. (2015). Aerobic and anaerobic exercise training in obese adults. Journal of physical therapy science, 27(6), 1697-1700. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.1697
Luo, J., & Zheng, B. (2019). Effect of yoga combined with aerobic exercise intervention on morphological and blood lipid indicators in female college students. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 60(3), 442-448. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10147-8
Shenbagavalli, A., & Mary, R. (2008). Effect of aerobic training on body mass index on sedentary obese men. Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, 4(2), 125-128. https://doi.org/10.18376//2012/v8i2/67594
Maillard, F., Pereira, B., & Boisseau, N. (2018). Effect of high-intensity interval training on total, abdominal and visceral fat mass: a meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(2), 269-288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0807-y
Wewege, M., Van Den Berg, R., Ward, R., & Keech, A. (2017). The effects of high‐intensity interval training vs. moderate‐intensity continuous training on body composition in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 18(6), 635-646.
Chaves, L., Santos, G., Teixeira, C., & Da Silva-Grigoletto, M. (2020). Calisthenics and bodyweight exercises: different concepts or scientific synonyms. Rev Bras Fisiol Exerc, 19(1), 13-15.
Cigerci, A. E., & Genc, H. (2020). The effect of calisthenics exercises on body composition in soccer players. Prog. Nutr, 22(1), 94-102.
Alsairawan, M. A., Gürpinar, B., & İlçin, N. (2019). Is 2-week calisthenics high-intensity interval training enough to change aerobic and anaerobic capacity? Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation, 6(1), 25-31.
Kotarsky, C. J., Christensen, B. K., Miller, J. S., & Hackney, K. J. (2018). Effect of progressive calisthenic push-up training on muscle strength and thickness. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(3), 651-659. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002345
Bayrakdar, A., Demirhan, B., & Zorba, E. (2019). The effect of calisthenics exercises of performed on stable and unstable ground on body fat percentage and performance in swimmers. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(3), 2979-2992. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.541847
Türk, Y., Theel, W., Kasteleyn, M., Franssen, F., Hiemstra, P., Rudolphus, A., Taube, C., & Braunstahl, G. (2017). High intensity training in obesity: a Meta‐analysis. Obesity Science & Practice, 3(3), 258-271. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.109
Shaw, I., Turner, S., McCrorie, C., Schnetler, A., & Shaw, B. S. (2021). Reductions in Cardiopulmonary Disease Risk Following Calisthenic Concurrent Aerobic and Resistance Training in Young Adults in a Low Resource Setting. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.106562
Mohd-Sidik, S., Lekhraj, R., & Foo, C. N. (2021). Prevalence, associated factors and psychological determinants of obesity among adults in Selangor, Malaysia. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(3), 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030868
Wan Mohamed Radzi, C. W. J., Salarzadeh Jenatabadi, H., Alanzi, A. R., Mokhtar, M. I., Mamat, M. Z., & Abdullah, N. A. (2019). Analysis of obesity among Malaysian university students: A combination study with the application of Bayesian structural equation modelling and Pearson correlation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030492
Tee, J. Y. H., Gan, W. Y., Tan, K.-A., & Chin, Y. S. (2018). Obesity and unhealthy lifestyle associated with poor executive function among Malaysian adolescents. PLoS One, 13(4), e0195934. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195934
Ghazi, H. F., Abdalqader, M. A., Baobaid, M. F., Hasan, T. N., Alabed, A. A. A., Veerabadran, V., Abdalrazak, H. A., Gazi, T. M., Hassan, M. R., & Hasan, T. N. (2018). Obesity knowledge and its associated factors among medical students in a private university in Shah Alam, Selangor. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 18(2), 45-51.
Smith, C. J., Perfetti, T. A., Hayes, A. W., & Berry, S. C. (2020). Obesity as a source of endogenous compounds associated with chronic disease: a review. Toxicological Sciences, 175(2), 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfaa042
Deng, T., Lyon, C. J., Bergin, S., Caligiuri, M. A., & Hsueh, W. A. (2016). Obesity, inflammation, and cancer. Annu Rev Pathol, 11(1), 421-449. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044359
Blüher, M. (2019). Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 15(5), 288-298. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0176-8
Zouhal, H., Ben Abderrahman, A., Khodamoradi, A., Saeidi, A., Jayavel, A., Hackney, A. C., Laher, I., Algotar, A. M., & Jabbour, G. (2020). Effects of physical training on anthropometrics, physical and physiological capacities in individuals with obesity: A systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 21(9), e13039. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13039
Dias, I., Farinatti, P., De Souza, M., Manhanini, D. P., Balthazar, E., Dantas, D., de Andrade Pinto, E. H., Bouskela, E., & Kraemer-Aguiar, L. G. (2015). Effects of resistance training on obese adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 47(12), 2636-2644. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000705
Strasser, B., & Schobersberger, W. (2011). Evidence for resistance training as a treatment therapy in obesity. Journal of Obesity, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/482564
Villareal, D. T., Aguirre, L., Gurney, A. B., Waters, D. L., Sinacore, D. R., Colombo, E., Armamento-Villareal, R., & Qualls, C. (2017). Aerobic or resistance exercise, or both, in dieting obese older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(20), 1943-1955. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1616338
Kang, S.-J., Kim, J.-H., Gang, Z., Yook, Y.-S., Yoon, J.-R., Ha, G.-C., & Ko, K.-J. (2018). Effects of 12-week circuit exercise program on obesity index, appetite regulating hormones, and insulin resistance in middle-aged obese females. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30(1), 169-173. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.30.169
Kim, J.-W., Ko, Y.-C., Seo, T.-B., & Kim, Y.-P. (2018). Effect of circuit training on body composition, physical fitness, and metabolic syndrome risk factors in obese female college students. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 14(3), 460. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1836194.097
Seo, Y. G., Noh, H. M., & Kim, S. Y. (2019). Weight loss effects of circuit training interventions: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 20(11), 1642-1650. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12911
Al Saif, A., & Alsenany, S. (2015). Aerobic and anaerobic exercise training in obese adults. Journal of physical therapy science, 27(6), 1697-1700. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.1697
Luo, J., & Zheng, B. (2019). Effect of yoga combined with aerobic exercise intervention on morphological and blood lipid indicators in female college students. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 60(3), 442-448. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10147-8
Shenbagavalli, A., & Mary, R. (2008). Effect of aerobic training on body mass index on sedentary obese men. Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, 4(2), 125-128. https://doi.org/10.18376//2012/v8i2/67594
Maillard, F., Pereira, B., & Boisseau, N. (2018). Effect of high-intensity interval training on total, abdominal and visceral fat mass: a meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(2), 269-288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0807-y
Wewege, M., Van Den Berg, R., Ward, R., & Keech, A. (2017). The effects of high‐intensity interval training vs. moderate‐intensity continuous training on body composition in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 18(6), 635-646.
Chaves, L., Santos, G., Teixeira, C., & Da Silva-Grigoletto, M. (2020). Calisthenics and bodyweight exercises: different concepts or scientific synonyms. Rev Bras Fisiol Exerc, 19(1), 13-15.
Cigerci, A. E., & Genc, H. (2020). The effect of calisthenics exercises on body composition in soccer players. Prog. Nutr, 22(1), 94-102.
Alsairawan, M. A., Gürpinar, B., & İlçin, N. (2019). Is 2-week calisthenics high-intensity interval training enough to change aerobic and anaerobic capacity? Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation, 6(1), 25-31.
Kotarsky, C. J., Christensen, B. K., Miller, J. S., & Hackney, K. J. (2018). Effect of progressive calisthenic push-up training on muscle strength and thickness. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(3), 651-659. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002345
Bayrakdar, A., Demirhan, B., & Zorba, E. (2019). The effect of calisthenics exercises of performed on stable and unstable ground on body fat percentage and performance in swimmers. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(3), 2979-2992. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.541847
Türk, Y., Theel, W., Kasteleyn, M., Franssen, F., Hiemstra, P., Rudolphus, A., Taube, C., & Braunstahl, G. (2017). High intensity training in obesity: a Meta‐analysis. Obesity Science & Practice, 3(3), 258-271. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.109
Shaw, I., Turner, S., McCrorie, C., Schnetler, A., & Shaw, B. S. (2021). Reductions in Cardiopulmonary Disease Risk Following Calisthenic Concurrent Aerobic and Resistance Training in Young Adults in a Low Resource Setting. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.106562
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Published
2022-11-30
How to Cite
Sakinah, M. H., Malek, N. F. A., Thariq Khan, A. K., Ishak, A., Hashim, H. A., & Chee, K. C. (2022). The Effect of 12-Week Calisthenics Exercise on Physical Fitness among Obese Female Students. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(3s), S45-S50. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.3s.06
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