Association between Club Sports Participation and Physical Fitness of 6–10-Year-Old Macedonian Children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.3.17Keywords:
cardiorespiratory endurance, strength, power, agility, body weight, children, adolescents, physical activityAbstract
Background. Physical inactivity is associated with poor physical fitness and weight gain. Organized sports activities can be a significant component in providing adequate fitness which, on its part, is an important aspect of general health and well-being. The purpose of the study was to establish the relationship between participation in organized sports activity and obesity as well as physical fitness of 6–10-year-old children from the region of the city of Skopje in the Republic of North Macedonia.
Materials and methods. The height, weight, body mass composition, and various components of physical fitness were measured in 940 children (aged 8.98 ± 3.39). The sports participation and confounding variables, such as parents’ education and body weight as well as parents’ sports activities, were estimated through a questionnaire completed by parents. In order to achieve the study purpose, the study used the multinomial logistic regression analysis and the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).
Results. Less-than-once-a-week sports participation was established in 41.1% of the children, once or twice a week – in 48.4%, and more often – in 10.5%. Obesity was established in 38.1% of the children. Children that had organized sports activity 1-2 times a week or more often showed a higher physical fitness level.
Conclusions. Even though causality cannot be established, facilitation of organized sports activities may be a crucial aspect in public health efforts addressing the growing problems associated with overweight and obesity.
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References
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Kaiser-Jovy, S., Scheu, A., & Greier, K. (2017). Media use, sports activities, and motor fitness in childhood and adolescence. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 129(13), 464-471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-017-1216-9
Biddle, S. J., Marshall, S. J., Gorely, T., & Cameron, N. (2009). Temporal and environmental patterns of sedentary and active behaviors during adolescents’ leisure time. International journal of behavioral medicine, 16(3), 278-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-008-9028-y
Tomkinson, G. R., & Olds, T. S. (2007). Secular Changes in Pediatric Aerobic Fitness Test Performance: The Global Picture. In G. R. Tomkinson & T. S. Olds (Eds.), Medicine and Sport Science (pp. 46-66). KARGER. https://doi.org/10.1159/000101075
Fraser, B. J., Blizzard, L., Tomkinson, G. R., Lycett, K., Wake, M., Burgner, D., ... & Magnussen, C. G. (2019). The great leap backward: Changes in the jumping performance of Australian children aged 11−12-years between 1985 and 2015. Journal of sports sciences, 37(7), 748-754. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1523672
Runhaar, J., Collard, D. C. M., Singh, A. S., Kemper, H. C. G., Van Mechelen, W., & Chinapaw, M. (2010). Motor fitness in Dutch youth: differences over a 26-year period (1980–2006). Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(3), 323-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.04.006
Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., & Sjöström, M. (2008). Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health. International journal of obesity, 32(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774
Mintjens, S., Menting, M. D., Daams, J. G., van Poppel, M. N., Roseboom, T. J., & Gemke, R. J. (2018). Cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood and adolescence affects future cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Sports Medicine, 48(11), 2577-2605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0974-5
Marques, A., Santos, D. A., Hillman, C. H., & Sardinha, L. B. (2018). How does academic achievement relate to cardiorespiratory fitness, self-reported physical activity and objectively reported physical activity: A systematic review in children and adolescents aged 6–18 years. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(16), 1039. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097361
Malina, R. M., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2006). Physical activity and fitness in an international growth standard for preadolescent and adolescent children. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 27(4_suppl5), S295-S313. https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265060274S511
Wickel, E. E., & Eisenmann, J. C. (2007). Contribution of youth sport to total daily physical activity among 6-to 12-yr-old boys. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(9), 1493. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318093f56a
Malina, R. M. (2009). Children and adolescents in the sport culture: the overwhelming majority to the select few. Journal of exercise science & fitness, 7(2), S1-S10.
Marques, A., Ekelund, U., & Sardinha, L. B. (2016). Associations between organized sports participation and objectively measured physical activity, sedentary time and weight status in youth. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(2), 154-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.02.007
Tremblay, M. S., Barnes, J. D., González, S. A., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Onywera, V. O., Reilly, J. J., & Tomkinson, G. R. (2016). Global matrix 2.0: report card grades on the physical activity of children and youth comparing 38 countries. Journal of physical activity and health, 13(s2), S343-S366. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0594
Hebert, J. J., Møller, N. C., Andersen, L. B., & Wedderkopp, N. (2015). Organized sport participation is associated with higher levels of overall health-related physical activity in children (CHAMPS Study-DK). PloS One, 10(8), e0134621. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134621
Kokko, S., Martin, L., Geidne, S., Van Hoye, A., Lane, A., Meganck, J., ... & Koski, P. (2019). Does sports club participation contribute to physical activity among children and adolescents? A comparison across six European countries. Scandinavian journal of public health, 47(8), 851-858. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494818786110
Lee, J. E., Pope, Z., & Gao, Z. (2018). The role of youth sports in promoting children’s physical activity and preventing pediatric obesity: a systematic review. Behavioral Medicine, 44(1), 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2016.1193462
Riso, E. M., Toplaan, L., Viira, P., Vaiksaar, S., & Jürimäe, J. (2019). Physical fitness and physical activity of 6-7-year-old children according to weight status and sports participation. PLoS One, 14(6), e0218901. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218901
Tammelin, T., Näyhä, S., Hills, A. P., & Järvelin, M. R. (2003). Adolescent participation in sports and adult physical activity. American journal of preventive medicine, 24(1), 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00575-5
Hallal, P. C., Wells, J. C., Reichert, F. F., Anselmi, L., & Victora, C. G. (2006). Early determinants of physical activity in adolescence: prospective birth cohort study. Bmj, 332(7548), 1002-1007. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38776.434560.7C
Azevedo, M. R., Araújo, C. L., Silva, M. C. D., & Hallal, P. C. (2007). Tracking of physical activity from adolescence to adulthood: a population-based study. Revista de saude publica, 41(1), 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102007000100010
Lang, J. J., Larouche, R., & Tremblay, M. S. (2019). The association between physical fitness and health in a nationally representative sample of Canadian children and youth aged 6 to 17 years. Maladies Chroniques et Blessures au Canada, 39(3).
Weiner, J.S., & Lourie, J.A.(1981). Practical Human Biology. London: Academic Press London
Heyward, V.H. (2006). Advanced fitness as sessment and exercise prescription 5-th edition. Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Gontarev, S., & Ruzdija, K. (2014). The relationship between overweight, obesity and physical fitness among eleven and twelve-year-old Macedonian adolescents. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 14(2), 178. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2014.02028
Gontarev, S., & Ruzdija, K. (2015). The association of weight status with physical fitness among Macedonian children. Adv Life Sci Health, 2(1).
Gontarev, S., Kalac, R., Velickovska, L., Stojmanovska, D., Misovski, A., & Milenkovski, J. (2018). Health-related physical fitness of normal, stunted and overweight children aged 6-14 years in Macedonia. Nutrición Hospitalaria. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.1794
Graf, C., Koch, B., Dordel, S., Schindler-Marlow, S., Icks, A., Schüller, A., ... & Predel, H. G. (2004). Physical activity, leisure habits and obesity in first-grade children. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 11(4), 284-290. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000129740.30593.18
Graf, C., Koch, B., Kretschmann-Kandel, E., Falkowski, G., Christ, H., Coburger, S., ... & Dordel, S. (2004). Correlation between BMI, leisure habits and motor abilities in childhood (CHILT-project). International journal of obesity, 28(1), 22-26.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802428
Zahner, L., Muehlbauer, T., Schmid, M., Meyer, U., Puder, J. J., & Kriemler, S. (2009). Association of sports club participation with fitness and fatness in children. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 41(2), 344-350.
https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318186d843
Vella, S. A., & Cliff, D. P. (2018). Organised sports participation and adiposity among a cohort of adolescents over a two year period. Plos One, 13(12), e0206500. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206500
Ara, I., Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Jimenez-Ramirez, J., Dorado, C., Serrano-Sanchez, J. A., & Calbet, J. A. L. (2004). Regular participation in sports is associated with enhanced physical fitness and lower fat mass in prepubertal boys. International journal of obesity, 28(12), 1585-1593. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802754
Quinto Romani, A. (2011). Children’s weight and participation in organized sports. Scandinavian journal of public health, 39(7), 687-695. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494811421058
Saar, M., & Jürimäe, T. (2007). Sports participation outside school in total physical activity of children. Perceptual and motor skills, 105(2), 559-562. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.2.559-562
Nagel, G., Wabitsch, M., Galm, C., Berg, S., Brandstetter, S., Fritz, M., ... & Steinacker, J. (2009). Determinants of obesity in the Ulm Research on Metabolism, Exercise and Lifestyle in Children (URMEL-ICE). European journal of pediatrics, 168(10), 1259-1267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-009-1016-y
Kjønniksen, L., Anderssen, N., & Wold, B. (2009). Organized youth sport as a predictor of physical activity in adulthood. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 19(5), 646-654. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00850.x
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2022-09-23
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Morina, B., Gjonbalaj, M., Gontarev, S., & Georgiev, G. (2022). Association between Club Sports Participation and Physical Fitness of 6–10-Year-Old Macedonian Children. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(3), 414–422. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.3.17
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