High-Intensity Interval Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction Improves Vascular Function in Obese Male Adolescents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.1.17Keywords:
flow-mediated dilatation, pulse wave velocity, endothelial function, obesityAbstract
Study purpose. Obesity, a chronic metabolic disease is on the rise among children and adolescents and is a leading cause of mortality in adults worldwide. It is imperative to prevent obesity in children to lower the risk of adult obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Considering the effectiveness of exercise program, high-intensity interval exercise with blood flow restriction (HIIE-BFR) may have potential beneficial effects on the vascular functions of obese individuals. This study aimed to compare the acute effects of supramaximal high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE-SUPRA) and HIIE-BFR on the vascular function in obese adolescents.
Materials and methods. The subjects were adolescent males aged 13 to 15. The crossover study was divided into two trials. The first trial was a pilot study involving five obese adolescent males whose heart rates were evaluated under four conditions of exercise: 1) HIIE-SUPRA at 170% (VO₂peak), 2) HIIE-BFR at 85% VO₂peak with 40% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP), 3) 60% AOP, and 4) 80% AOP. The second trial was conducted on ten obese adolescent males who performed HIIE-SUPRA and HIIE-BFR exercises separately, each for at least three days. Data collection was done to analyze the vascular function parameters before and after exercising (immediately, 10 min, 30 min, and 60 min after).
Results. The results of the first trial showed that the mean heart rate of HIIE-BFR at 40% AOP was similar to that of HIIE-SUPRA (p>0.05). In the second trial, both types of exercises showed similar outcomes, with increased flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), while brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) decreased after exercise as compared to the baseline values (before exercise) (p<0.05). However, HIIE-BFR at 40% AOP demonstrated a lower rate of perceived exertion (RPE) as compared to HIIE-SUPRA (p<0.05).
Conclusions. HIIE-BFR at 40% AOP was effective in regulating the RPE and acutely increasing the vascular function after exercise in obese adolescents, similar to HIIE-SUPRA.
Downloads
References
Tremblay, J. C., & Pyke, K. E. (2019). Exercise and the Endothelium. In Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Cardiometabolic Diseases (pp. 97-121). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04816-7_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04816-7_6
Zhai, M., Yang, D., Yi, W., & Sun, W. (2020). Involvement of calcium channels in the regulation of adipogenesis. Adipocyte, 9(1), 132-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/21623945.2020.1738792 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21623945.2020.1738792
Kwaifa, I. K., Bahari, H., Yong, Y. K., & Noor, S. M. (2020). Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity-Induced Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Biomolecules, 10(2), 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10020291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10020291
Collaborators, G. O. (2017). Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(1), 13-27. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
Vandoni, M., Calcaterra, V., Carnevale Pellino, V., De Silvestri, A., Marin, L., Zuccotti, G. V., ... & Lovecchio, N. (2021). “Fitness and Fatness” in Children and Adolescents: An Italian Cross-Sectional Study. Children, 8(9), 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090762 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090762
Salvy, S. J., Bowker, J. C., Germeroth, L., & Barkley, J. (2012). Influence of peers and friends on overweight/obese youths’ physical activity. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 40(3), 127-132. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e31825af07b DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e31825af07b
Alberga, A. S., Sigal, R. J., Sweet, S. N., Doucette, S., Russell‐Mayhew, S., Tulloch, H., ... & Goldfield, G. S. (2019). Understanding low adherence to an exercise program for adolescents with obesity: the HEARTY trial. Obesity science & practice, 5(5), 437-448. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.357
Liguori, G., & American College of Sports Medicine. (2020). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Fragnani, S. G., Gonzáles, A. I., Lemos, R. R., & Haas, P. (2017). Impact of isolated aerobic exercise in obese adolescents: systematic review. Sport Sciences for Health, 13(3), 453-459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-016-0339-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-016-0339-0
Gibala, M. J., Heisz, J. J., & Nelson, A. J. (2018). Interval training for cardiometabolic and brain health. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 22(6), 30-34. https://doi.org/10.1249/FIT.0000000000000428 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/FIT.0000000000000428
MacInnis, M. J., & Gibala, M. J. (2017). Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity. The Journal of Physiology, 595(9), 2915-2930. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273196
Chuensiri, N., Tanaka, H., & Suksom, D. (2015). The acute effects of supramaximal high-intensity intermittent exercise on vascular function in lean vs. obese prepubescent boys. Pediatric exercise science, 27(4), 503-509. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0100
Brandner, C. R., May, A. K., Clarkson, M. J., & Warmington, S. A. (2018). Reported side-effects and safety considerations for the use of blood flow restriction during exercise in practice and research. Techniques in Orthopaedics, 33(2), 114-121. https://doi.org/10.1097/BTO.0000000000000259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/BTO.0000000000000259
Karabulut, M., & Garcia, S. D. (2017). Hemodynamic responses and energy expenditure during blood flow restriction exercise in obese population. Clinical physiology and functional imaging, 37(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12258
Willis, S. J., Alvarez, L., Millet, G. P., & Borrani, F. (2016, February). Repeated cycling sprints with different restricted blood flow levels. In Proceedings of the 7th Augmented Human International Conference 2016 (pp. 1-2). https://doi.org/10.1145/2875194.2875245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2875194.2875245
Barili, A., Corralo, V. D. S., Cardoso, A. M., Mânica, A., Bonadiman, B. D. S. R., Bagatini, M. D., ... & De Sá, C. A. (2018). Acute responses of hemodynamic and oxidative stress parameters to aerobic exercise with blood flowrestriction in hypertensive elderly women. Molecular biology reports, 45(5), 1099-1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-018-4261-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-018-4261-1
Stray-Gundersen, S., Wooten, S., & Tanaka, H. (2020). Walking With Leg Blood Flow Restriction: Wide-Rigid Cuffs vs. Narrow-Elastic Bands. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 568. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00568 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00568
da Cunha Nascimento, D., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Prestes, J. (2020). Potential Implications of Blood Flow Restriction Exercise on Vascular Health: A Brief Review. Sports Medicine, 50(1), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01196-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01196-5
Thomas, H. J., Scott, B. R., & Peiffer, J. J. (2018). Acute physiological responses to low-intensity blood flow restriction cycling. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(9), 969-974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.01.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.01.013
Martinez, N., Kilpatrick, M. W., Salomon, K., Jung, M. E., & Little, J. P. (2015). Affective and enjoyment responses to high-intensity interval training in overweight-to-obese and insufficiently active adults. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(2), 138-149. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0212
Mitranun, W., Deerochanawong, C., Tanaka, H., & Suksom, D. (2014). Continuous vs interval training on glycemic control and macro‐and microvascular reactivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 24(2), e69-e76. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12112
Freitas, E. D., Karabulut, M., & Bemben, M. G. (2021). The evolution of blood flow restricted exercise. Frontiers in Physiology, 2179. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.747759 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.747759
Lorenz, D. S., Bailey, L., Wilk, K. E., Mangine, R. E., Head, P., Grindstaff, T. L., & Morrison, S. (2021). Blood flow restriction training. Journal of athletic training, 56(9), 937-944. https://doi.org/10.4085/418-20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4085/418-20
Scott, B. R., Loenneke, J. P., Slattery, K. M., & Dascombe, B. J. (2015). Exercise with blood flow restriction: an updated evidence-based approach for enhanced muscular development. Sports medicine, 45(3), 313-325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0288-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0288-1
Patterson, S. D., Hughes, L., Warmington, S., Burr, J., Scott, B. R., Owens, J., ... & Loenneke, J. (2019). Blood flow restriction exercise: considerations of methodology, application, and safety. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 533. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00533 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00533
Pope, Z. K., Willardson, J. M., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2013). Exercise and blood flow restriction. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(10), 2914-2926. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182874721 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182874721
Bennett, H., & Slattery, F. (2019). Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Aerobic Capacity and Performance: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res, 33(2), 572-583. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002963 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002963
Silva, J. C., Domingos-Gomes, J. R., Freitas, E. D., Neto, G. R., Aniceto, R. R., Bemben, M. G., ... & Cirilo-Sousa, M. S. (2021). Physiological and perceptual responses to aerobic exercise with and without blood flow restriction. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35(9), 2479-2485. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003178
Beak, H. J., Park, W., Yang, J. H., & Kim, J. (2022). Effect of Low-Intensity Aerobic Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction on Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Vascular Responses in Recreational Runners. In Healthcare, 10(9), 1789. MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091789 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091789
Santos, L. P. D., Carvalho, K. K., Silva, V. G. D., Boeno, F. P., Ramis, T. R., Muller, C. H. D. L., ... & Ribeiro, J. L. (2015). The low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction promotes similar vascular adaptation to higintensity resistance training in young healthy males. Simpósio Internacional de Estresse Oxidativo e Doenças Cardiovasculares (4.: 2015: Porto Alegre). Anais. [recurso eletrônico]. Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2015.
Ghiadoni, L., Salvetti, M., Muiesan, M. L., & Taddei, S. (2015). Evaluation of endothelial function by flow mediated dilation: methodological issues and clinical importance. High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention, 22(1), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-014-0047-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-014-0047-2
Thijssen, D. H., Bruno, R. M., van Mil, A. C., Holder, S. M., Faita, F., Greyling, A., ... & Ghiadoni, L. (2019). Expert consensus and evidence-based recommendations for the assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans. European heart journal, 40(30), 2534-2547. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz350 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz350
Wlodarczyk, A., Wachsmann-Maga, A., Schonborn, M., Trynkiewicz, A., Cebenko, M., Maga, P., ... & Maga, M. (2022). The effects of Kaatsu training on an acute angiogenic response in post-interventional rehabilitation of peripheral arterial disease patients. European Heart Journal, 43(Supplement_1), ehab849-120. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab849.120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab849.120
Lee, J. G., & Joo, S. J. (2019). Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular risk. The Korean journal of internal medicine, 34(3), 504-506. https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2019.110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2019.110
Zang, Y., Ding, X., Zhao, M. X., Zhang, X., Zhang, L., Wu, S., & Sun, L. (2022). Arterial stiffness acute changes following aerobic exercise in males with and without hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 24(4), 430-437. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.14461 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.14461
Saz-Lara, A., Cavero-Redondo, I., Álvarez-Bueno, C., Notario-Pacheco, B., Ruiz-Grao, M. C., & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. (2021). The Acute Effect of Exercise on Arterial Stiffness in Healthy Subjects: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(2), 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020291
Pignanelli, C., Christiansen, D., & Burr, J. F. (2021). Blood flow restriction training and the high-performance athlete: science to application. Journal of Applied Physiology, 130(4), 1163-1170. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00982.2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00982.2020
Buchanan, C. E., Kadlec, A. O., Hoch, A. Z., Gutterman, D. D., & Durand, M. J. (2017). Hypertension during weight lifting reduces flow-mediated dilation in nonathletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 49(4), 669. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001150
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Thitiwat Noikhammueang, Witid Mitranun
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
