Effect of Day Time on Cognitive Performances of Preadolescent Athletes Nurtured in a Controlled Environment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.2.18Keywords:
Time of day, long-term focused attention, reaction ability, logical reasoning, reactive stress tolerance, visual perception, young athletes, JharkhandAbstract
Research purpose. The study aimed to examine how the cognitive performances of preadolescent sports trainees living and training under a controlled environment are affected during the three different day times.
Materials and methods. The research involved 16 male sports trainees from the Jharkhand State Sports Promotion Society, Ranchi, who varied in age from 11 to 14 years and had a minimum of two years of training experience in the same academy. To assess cognitive performance like long-term focused attention, ability to react, logical reasoning, reactive stress tolerance, and visual perception, the TATEENS 2 test set from the Vienna Test System was administered. The percentile ranks of all five tests were compared between three different times of the day. The Friedman test and rANOVA were employed to analyze the data of repetitive measurements. The significance level was set at p < 0.05.
Results. The p-values for statistical comparisons of reactive stress tolerance, visual perception, logical reasoning, reaction abilities (reaction time and motor time), and long-term focused attention at three different times of the day were all more than 0.05.
Conclusion. Different day times did not significantly affect the cognitive performances of preadolescent sportspersons who lived and trained under similar conditions.
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References
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Abbas, B. K., & Jasim, I. A. (2018). The Models of Used Virtual Reality Technology in Sports. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, 7(9), 76-85. https://ijcsmc.com/docs/papers/September2018/V7I9201817.pdf
Raglin, J. S. (2001). Psychological Factors in Sport Performance. Sports Med, 875-890. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131120-00004
Stefani, E. D., Marco, D. D., & Gentilucci, M. (2015). Factors affecting athletes’ motor behavior after the observation of scenes of cooperation and competition in competitive sport: the effect of sport attitude. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1648, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01648
Plessner, H., & Haar, T. (2006). Sports performance judgments from a social cognitive perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(6), 555-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.03.007
Singer, R. N. (1980). Motor Learning and Human Performance: An Application to Motor and Movement Behaviors Subsequent Edition. New York: Macmillan.
Ayala, V., Martínez-Bebia, M., Latorre, J. A., Gimenez-Blasi, N., Jimenez-Casquet, M. J., Conde-Pipo, J., et al. (2020). Influence of circadian rhythms on sports performance. Chronobiology International, 38(11), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2021.1933003
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Okusaga, O., & Postolache, T. T. (2013). An Introduction to Circadian Endocrine Physiology: Implications for Exercise and Sports Performance. In N. Constantini, & A. C. Hackney, Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport (2nd ed., pp. 385-404). Cham: Humana. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-314-5_20
Gabbey, A. E. (2019, February 1). What are Biological Rhythms. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from Healthline:
https://www.healthline.com/health/biological-rhythms
Dijk, D. J., Duffy, J. F., Silva, E. J., Shanahan, T. L., Boivin, D. B., & Czeisler, C. A. (2012). Amplitude reduction and phase shifts of melatonin, cortisol and other circadian rhythms after a gradual advance of sleep and light exposure in humans. PLoS One, 7(2), e30037. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030037
Shanahan, T. l., Zeitzer, J. M., & Czeisler, C. A. (1997). Resetting the melatonin rhythm with light in humans. Journal of biological rhythms, 12(6), 556-567. https://doi.org/10.1177/074873049701200610
Vitaterna, M. H., Takahashi, J. S., & Turek, F. W. (2001). Overview of circadian rhythms. Alcohol research & health : the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 25(2), 85-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6707128/
Ballastella, G., DeBellis, A., Maiorino, M. I., Paglionico, V. A., Esposito, K., & Bellastella, A. (2019). Endocrine rhythms and sport: it is time to take time into account. Endocrinol Invest, 42(10), 1137-1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-019-01038-1
Rodahl, A., O’brien, M., & Firth, R. G. (1976). Diurnal variation in performance of competitive swimmers. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 16(1), 72-76.
Putilov, A. A. (2017). Owls, larks, swifts, woodcocks and they are not alone: A historical review of methodology for multidimensional self-assessment of individual differences in sleep-wake pattern. Chronobiology International, 34(3), 426-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2017.1278704
Roenneberg, T., Wirz-Justice, A., & Merrow, M. (2003). Life Between Clocks: Daily Temporal Patterns of Human Chronotypes. Journal of Biological Rhythm, 18(1), 80-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730402239679
Bailey, S. L., & Heitkemper, M. M. (2001). Circadian Rhythmicity of Cortisol and Body Temperature: Morningness-Eveningness Effects. Chronobiol Int, 18(2), 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1081/CBI-100103189
Putilov, A. A., Donskaya, O. G., & Verevkin, E. G. (2015). How many diurnal types are there? A search for two further “bird species”. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.003
Heijden, K. K., Sonneville, L. M., & Althaus, M. (2010). Time-of-Day Effects on Cognition in Preadolescents: A Trails Study. Chronobiology International, 27(9-10), 1870-1894. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2010.516047
Mazzucco, S., Li, L., Tuna, M. A., Pendlebury, S. T., Frost, R., Wharton, R., et al. (2017). Time-of-Day Could Affect Cognitive Screening Performance in Older Patients with TIA and Stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 43(5-6), 290-293. https://doi.org/10.1159/000456673
Guerrien, A., Leconte-Lambert, C., & Leconte, P. (1993). Time-of-Day Effects on Attention and Memory Efficiency: Is Chronopsychology a Method for Studying the Functioning of the Human Subject? Psychologica Belgica, 33(2), 159-170. http://doi.org/10.5334/pb.845
Allen, P. A., Grabbe, J., McCarthy, A., Bush, A. H., & Wallace, B. (2008). The early bird does not get the worm: Time-of-day effects on college students’ basic cognitive processing. The American Journal of Psychology, 121(4), 551-564. https://doi.org/10.2307/20445486
West, R., Murphy, K. J., Armilio, M. L., Craik, F. I. M., & Stuss, D. T. (2002). Effects of Time of Day on Age Differences in Working Memory. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57(1), P3-P10. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.1.P3
West, R., Murphy, K. J., Armilio, M. L., Craik, F. I. M., & Stuss, D. T. (2002). Effects of Time of Day on Age Differences in Working Memory. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57(1), P3-P10. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.1.P3
Maheu, F. S., Collicutt, P., Kornik, R., Moszkowski, R., & Lupien, S. J. (2005). The perfect time to be stressed: a differential modulation of human memory by stress applied in the morning or in the afternoon. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 29(8), 1281-1288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.012
Ramírez, C., Talamantes, J., Garcia, A., Morales, M., Valdez, P., & Menna-Barreto, L. (2006). Circadian rhythms in phonological and visuospatial storage components of working memory. Biological Rhythm Research, 37(5), 433-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/09291010600870404
Ralph, M. R., Ko, C. H., Antoniadis, E. A., Seco, P., Irani, F., Presta, C., et al. (2002). The significance of circadian phase for performance on a reward-based learning task in hamsters. Behavioural brain research, 136(1), 179-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00131-6
Riley, E., Esterman, M., Fortenbaugh, F. C., & DeGutis, J. (2017). Time-of-day variation in sustained attentional control. Chronobiology International, 34(7), 933-1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2017.1308951
Lara, T., Madrid, J. A., & Correa, A. (2014). The Vigilance Decrement in Executive Function Is Attenuated When Individual Chronotypes Perform at Their Optimal Time of Day. PloS One, 9(2), e88820. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088820
Van Dongen, H. P., & Dinges, D. F. (2005). Sleep, Circadian Rhythms, and Psychomotor Vigilance. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 24(2), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2004.12.007
Payne, R. B. (1989). Psychomotor Performance as a Function of Time of Day. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68(2), 455-461. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.2.455
Petit, E., Bourdin, H., Mougin, F., Tio, G., & Haffen, E. (2013). Time-of-Day Effects on Psychomotor and Physical Performances in Highly Trained Cyclists. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 117(2), 376-388. https://doi.org/10.2466/30.25.PMS.117x23z0
Rosa, D. E., Marot, L. P., de Mello, M. T., Marqueze, E. C., Narciso, F. V., deAraújo, L. B., et al. (2021). Association between chronotype and psychomotor performance of rotating shift workers. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86299-8
Sanders, A. F. (1983). Towards a model of stress and human-performance. Acta Psychologica, 53(1), 61-97.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(83)90016-1
Schuhfried. (2016-a). Talent Assessment Teens 2. In Schuhfried, Vienna Test System (pp. 3-6). Austria: Schuhfried GmbH.
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2022-06-25
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Pahan, M. K., & Singh, M. K. (2022). Effect of Day Time on Cognitive Performances of Preadolescent Athletes Nurtured in a Controlled Environment. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(2), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.2.18
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