The Effect of Limb Muscle Explosive Power, Flexibility, and Achievement Motivation on Sickle Kick Performance in Pencak Silat Learning
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.3.14Keywords:
Pencak Silat learning, limb muscle explosive power, flexibility, achievement motivation, sickle kickAbstract
Study Purpose. This study background is that the performance of the sickle kick in Pencak Silat learning is very important to improve the athlete’s performance during the match, both when attacking and defending. The objective is to analyze the performance of the Pencak Silat sickle kick in terms of the quality of physical conditions (such as leg muscle explosive power and flexibility), and psychological elements (such as achievement motivation).
Materials and methods. This study involved Pencak Silat athletes of Tangan Mas College, Padang, Indonesia. The participants who became the study sample were 30 male athletes aged 14–17 (athletes in the adolescent category). The sample selection was based on the sample criteria providing that participants had participated in regional level competitions and had attended training for at least 2 years. Data were obtained from several tests and measurements: leg muscle explosive power was measured using the Vertical Jump Test and then processed by the Lewis formula (nomogram). Flexibility was measured using the Side Split Test, achievement motivation was assessed using a questionnaire validated by experts, and a sickle kick performance was tested. The data obtained were analyzed using simple regression analysis and multiple regression analysis, followed by path analysis to calculate the coefficient value of each variable.
Results. The data obtained were analyzed using structural model path analysis. Results: (1) there is an effect of leg muscle explosive power on the sickle kick performance by 21.59%; (2) there is an effect of flexibility on the sickle kick performance by 6.94%; (3) there is an effect of achievement motivation on the sickle kick performance by 9.74%; (4) there is an effect of leg muscle explosive power through achievement motivation on the sickle kick performance by 38.14%; (5) there is an effect of flexibility through achievement motivation on the sickle kick performance by 13.51%; and (6) there is a simultaneous effect of these variables by 51,41%.
Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the three factors above, it was concluded that leg muscle explosive power is the dominant factor and needs to be taught and trained seriously. However, the other factors are no less important. Future studies are urgently needed to include other variables that affect the results of this study, as well as a wider number of samples to validate the results of this study.
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References
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Reishehrei, A. P., Reishehrei, A. pouladei, & Soleimani, E. (2014). A Comparison Study of Self Concept and Self Efficacy in Martial Arts and non Martial Arts Athletics in Iran. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 5025-5029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1067
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Ihsan, N., Bafirman, Sujana, A., & Permana, A. Y. (2020). Design of Instrument Explosive Power Leg Muscles Sensor Based. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1594(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1594/1/012038
Saputra, S., & Ihsan, N. (2020). Digital based sit-up test instrument development. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1481(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1481/1/012032
Bridge, C. A., Ferreira Da Silva Santos, J., Chaabène, H., Pieter, W., & Franchini, E. (2014). Physical and physiological profiles of Taekwondo athletes. Sports Medicine, 44(6), 713-733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0159-9
van der Kruk, E., den Braver, O., Schwab, A. L., van der Helm, F. C. T., & Veeger, H. E. J. (2016). Wireless instrumented klapskates for long-track speed skating. Sports Engineering, 19(4), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-016-0208-8
Quinzi, F., Camomilla, V., Di Mario, A., Felici, F., & Sbriccoli, P. (2016). Repeated kicking actions in karate: Effect on technical execution in elite practitioners. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11(3), 363-369. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0162
Estevan, I., Falco, C., Silvernail, J. F., & Jandacka, D. (2015). Comparison of Lower Limb Segments Kinematics in a Taekwondo Kick. An Approach to the Proximal to Distal Motion. Journal of Human Kinetics, 47(1), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0060
Zago, M., Mapelli, A., Shirai, Y. F., Ciprandi, D., Lovecchio, N., Galvani, C., & Sforza, C. (2015). Dynamic balance in elite karateka. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 25(6), 894-900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.10.002
Sampaio, J. E., Lago, C., Gonçalves, B., Maçãs, V. M., & Leite, N. (2014). Effects of pacing, status and unbalance in time motion variables, heart rate and tactical behaviour when playing 5-a-side football small-sided games. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(2), 229-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.04.005
Ozbar, N. (2015). Effects of plyometric training on explosive strength, speed and kicking speed in female soccer players. Anthropologist, 19(2), 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891666
Eagle, S. R., Kessels, M., Johnson, C. D., Nijst, B., Lovalekar, M., Krajewski, K., Flanagan, S. D., Nindl, B. C., & Connaboy, C. (2019). Bilateral strength asymmetries and unilateral strength imbalance: Predicting ankle injury when considered with higher body mass in US special forces. Journal of Athletic Training, 54(5), 497-504. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-255-18
Ryu, S., & Lee, T. K. (2021). Biomechanical parameters that may influence lower limb injury during landing in taekwondo. Medicina (Lithuania), 57(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57040373
Pinto-Escalona, T., Gobbi, E., Valenzuela, P. L., Bennett, S. J., Aschieri, P., Martin-Loeches, M., Paoli, A., & Martinez-de-Quel, O. (2021). WITHDRAWN: Effects of a school-based karate intervention on academic achievement, psychosocial functioning, and physical fitness: A multi-country cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Sport and Health Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.06.005
Lipowski, M., Krokosz, D., Łada, A., Sližik, M., & Pasek, M. (2019). Sense of coherence and connectedness to nature as predictors of motivation for practicing karate. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142483
Shekhar, C., & Devi, R. (2012). Achievement Motivation across Gender and Different Academic Majors. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 2(2), 105-109. https://doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v2n2p105
Horino, M., & Mori, K. (1991). The effects of achievement motivation on relationships between depression and social support. The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 39(3), 308-315. https://doi.org/10.5926/jjep1953.39.3_308
Corrêa, U. C., de Pinho, S. T., da Silva, S. L., Clavijo, F. A. R., Souza, T. de O., & Tani, G. (2016). Revealing the decision-making of dribbling in the sport of futsal. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(24), 2321-2328. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1232488
Shin, Y. S., Yang, S. M., Kim, M. Y., Lee, L. K., Park, B. S., Lee, W. D., Noh, J. W., Kim, J. H., Lee, J. U., Kwak, T. Y., Lee, T. H., Park, J., & Kim, J. (2016). Differences in respirogram phase between taekwondo poomsae athletes and nonathletes. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(9), 2495-2500. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.2495
Lenetsky, S., & Harris, N. (2012). The mixed martial arts athlete: A physiological profile. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 34(1), 32-47. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3182389f00
James, L. P., Haff, G. G., Kelly, V. G., & Beckman, E. M. (2016). Towards a Determination of the Physiological Characteristics Distinguishing Successful Mixed Martial Arts Athletes: A Systematic Review of Combat Sport Literature. Sports Medicine, 46(10), 1525-1551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0493-1
Haff, G. G., & Stone, M. H. (2015). Methods of developing power with special reference to football players. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 37(6), 2-16. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000153
Muceli, S., Boye, A. T., D’Avella, A., & Farina, D. (2010). Identifying representative synergy matrices for describing muscular activation patterns during multidirectional reaching in the horizontal plane. Journal of Neurophysiology, 103(3), 1532-1542. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00559.2009
Hara, M., Shibayama, A., Takeshita, D., & Fukashiro, S. (2006). The effect of arm swing on lower extremities in vertical jumping. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(13), 2503-2511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.07.030
Peráček, P., Šagát, P., Vajdík, T., & Mikulič, M. (2018). Standardization of selected control exercises for soccer technical evaluation. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(2), 745-752. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.02109
Jemili, H., Mejri, M. A., Sioud, R., Bouhlel, E., & Amri, M. (2017). Changements de l’activité musculaire lors des frappes guiaku-zuki et kiza-mawachi-guiri de karaté après entraînement spécifique chez des athlètes d’élite. Science and Sports, 32(2), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2016.11.002
Hölbling, D., Preuschl, E., Hassmann, M., & Baca, A. (2017). Kinematic analysis of the double side kick in point fighting, kickboxing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(4), 317-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1164333
Forsman, H., Blomqvist, M., Davids, K., Liukkonen, J., & Konttinen, N. (2016). Identifying technical, physiological, tactical and psychological characteristics that contribute to career progression in soccer. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 11(4), 505-513. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954116655051
Gillet, N., Vallerand, R. J., & Rosnet, E. (2009). Motivational clusters and performance in a real-life setting. Motivation and Emotion, 33(1), 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-008-9115-z
Zuber, C., Zibung, M., & Conzelmann, A. (2015). Motivational patterns as an instrument for predicting success in promising young football players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(2), 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.928827
MacNamara, Á., Button, A., & Collins, D. (2010). The role of psychological characteristics in facilitating the pathway to elite performance part 1: Identifying mental skills and behaviors. Sport Psychologist, 24(1), 52-73. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.24.1.52
Ihsan, N., Amum, K. R., Rasyid, W., & Neldi, H. (2021). Development of Information and Technology-based Learning Media in Athletic Materials for Short Distance Running Numbers for Quality Junior N 2 Students in Lubuk Linggau City, South Sumatra Province. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 124-129. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090117
Hagger, M., & Chatzisarantis, N. (2008). Self-determination Theory and the psychology of exercise. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(1), 79-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509840701827437
Biddle, S. J. H., John Wang, C. K., Kavussanu, M., & Spray, C. M. (2003). Correlates of achievement goal orientations in physical activity: A systematic review of research. European Journal of Sport Science, 3(5), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390300073504
Reishehrei, A. P., Reishehrei, A. pouladei, & Soleimani, E. (2014). A Comparison Study of Self Concept and Self Efficacy in Martial Arts and non Martial Arts Athletics in Iran. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 5025-5029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1067
Kartomi, M. (2011). Traditional and modern forms of pencak silat in Indonesia: The suku mamak in Riau. Musicology Australia, 33(1), 47-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/08145857.2011.580716
Ihsan, N., Bafirman, Sujana, A., & Permana, A. Y. (2020). Design of Instrument Explosive Power Leg Muscles Sensor Based. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1594(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1594/1/012038
Saputra, S., & Ihsan, N. (2020). Digital based sit-up test instrument development. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1481(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1481/1/012032
Bridge, C. A., Ferreira Da Silva Santos, J., Chaabène, H., Pieter, W., & Franchini, E. (2014). Physical and physiological profiles of Taekwondo athletes. Sports Medicine, 44(6), 713-733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0159-9
van der Kruk, E., den Braver, O., Schwab, A. L., van der Helm, F. C. T., & Veeger, H. E. J. (2016). Wireless instrumented klapskates for long-track speed skating. Sports Engineering, 19(4), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-016-0208-8
Quinzi, F., Camomilla, V., Di Mario, A., Felici, F., & Sbriccoli, P. (2016). Repeated kicking actions in karate: Effect on technical execution in elite practitioners. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11(3), 363-369. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0162
Estevan, I., Falco, C., Silvernail, J. F., & Jandacka, D. (2015). Comparison of Lower Limb Segments Kinematics in a Taekwondo Kick. An Approach to the Proximal to Distal Motion. Journal of Human Kinetics, 47(1), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0060
Zago, M., Mapelli, A., Shirai, Y. F., Ciprandi, D., Lovecchio, N., Galvani, C., & Sforza, C. (2015). Dynamic balance in elite karateka. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 25(6), 894-900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.10.002
Sampaio, J. E., Lago, C., Gonçalves, B., Maçãs, V. M., & Leite, N. (2014). Effects of pacing, status and unbalance in time motion variables, heart rate and tactical behaviour when playing 5-a-side football small-sided games. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(2), 229-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.04.005
Ozbar, N. (2015). Effects of plyometric training on explosive strength, speed and kicking speed in female soccer players. Anthropologist, 19(2), 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891666
Eagle, S. R., Kessels, M., Johnson, C. D., Nijst, B., Lovalekar, M., Krajewski, K., Flanagan, S. D., Nindl, B. C., & Connaboy, C. (2019). Bilateral strength asymmetries and unilateral strength imbalance: Predicting ankle injury when considered with higher body mass in US special forces. Journal of Athletic Training, 54(5), 497-504. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-255-18
Ryu, S., & Lee, T. K. (2021). Biomechanical parameters that may influence lower limb injury during landing in taekwondo. Medicina (Lithuania), 57(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57040373
Pinto-Escalona, T., Gobbi, E., Valenzuela, P. L., Bennett, S. J., Aschieri, P., Martin-Loeches, M., Paoli, A., & Martinez-de-Quel, O. (2021). WITHDRAWN: Effects of a school-based karate intervention on academic achievement, psychosocial functioning, and physical fitness: A multi-country cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Sport and Health Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.06.005
Lipowski, M., Krokosz, D., Łada, A., Sližik, M., & Pasek, M. (2019). Sense of coherence and connectedness to nature as predictors of motivation for practicing karate. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142483
Shekhar, C., & Devi, R. (2012). Achievement Motivation across Gender and Different Academic Majors. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 2(2), 105-109. https://doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v2n2p105
Horino, M., & Mori, K. (1991). The effects of achievement motivation on relationships between depression and social support. The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 39(3), 308-315. https://doi.org/10.5926/jjep1953.39.3_308
Corrêa, U. C., de Pinho, S. T., da Silva, S. L., Clavijo, F. A. R., Souza, T. de O., & Tani, G. (2016). Revealing the decision-making of dribbling in the sport of futsal. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(24), 2321-2328. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1232488
Shin, Y. S., Yang, S. M., Kim, M. Y., Lee, L. K., Park, B. S., Lee, W. D., Noh, J. W., Kim, J. H., Lee, J. U., Kwak, T. Y., Lee, T. H., Park, J., & Kim, J. (2016). Differences in respirogram phase between taekwondo poomsae athletes and nonathletes. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(9), 2495-2500. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.2495
Lenetsky, S., & Harris, N. (2012). The mixed martial arts athlete: A physiological profile. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 34(1), 32-47. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3182389f00
James, L. P., Haff, G. G., Kelly, V. G., & Beckman, E. M. (2016). Towards a Determination of the Physiological Characteristics Distinguishing Successful Mixed Martial Arts Athletes: A Systematic Review of Combat Sport Literature. Sports Medicine, 46(10), 1525-1551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0493-1
Haff, G. G., & Stone, M. H. (2015). Methods of developing power with special reference to football players. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 37(6), 2-16. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000153
Muceli, S., Boye, A. T., D’Avella, A., & Farina, D. (2010). Identifying representative synergy matrices for describing muscular activation patterns during multidirectional reaching in the horizontal plane. Journal of Neurophysiology, 103(3), 1532-1542. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00559.2009
Hara, M., Shibayama, A., Takeshita, D., & Fukashiro, S. (2006). The effect of arm swing on lower extremities in vertical jumping. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(13), 2503-2511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.07.030
Peráček, P., Šagát, P., Vajdík, T., & Mikulič, M. (2018). Standardization of selected control exercises for soccer technical evaluation. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(2), 745-752. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.02109
Jemili, H., Mejri, M. A., Sioud, R., Bouhlel, E., & Amri, M. (2017). Changements de l’activité musculaire lors des frappes guiaku-zuki et kiza-mawachi-guiri de karaté après entraînement spécifique chez des athlètes d’élite. Science and Sports, 32(2), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2016.11.002
Hölbling, D., Preuschl, E., Hassmann, M., & Baca, A. (2017). Kinematic analysis of the double side kick in point fighting, kickboxing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(4), 317-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1164333
Forsman, H., Blomqvist, M., Davids, K., Liukkonen, J., & Konttinen, N. (2016). Identifying technical, physiological, tactical and psychological characteristics that contribute to career progression in soccer. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 11(4), 505-513. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954116655051
Gillet, N., Vallerand, R. J., & Rosnet, E. (2009). Motivational clusters and performance in a real-life setting. Motivation and Emotion, 33(1), 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-008-9115-z
Zuber, C., Zibung, M., & Conzelmann, A. (2015). Motivational patterns as an instrument for predicting success in promising young football players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(2), 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.928827
MacNamara, Á., Button, A., & Collins, D. (2010). The role of psychological characteristics in facilitating the pathway to elite performance part 1: Identifying mental skills and behaviors. Sport Psychologist, 24(1), 52-73. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.24.1.52
Ihsan, N., Amum, K. R., Rasyid, W., & Neldi, H. (2021). Development of Information and Technology-based Learning Media in Athletic Materials for Short Distance Running Numbers for Quality Junior N 2 Students in Lubuk Linggau City, South Sumatra Province. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 124-129. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090117
Hagger, M., & Chatzisarantis, N. (2008). Self-determination Theory and the psychology of exercise. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(1), 79-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509840701827437
Biddle, S. J. H., John Wang, C. K., Kavussanu, M., & Spray, C. M. (2003). Correlates of achievement goal orientations in physical activity: A systematic review of research. European Journal of Sport Science, 3(5), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390300073504
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2022-09-23
How to Cite
Ihsan, N., Hanafi, R., Sepriadi, S., Okilanda, A., Suwirman, S., & Mario, D. T. (2022). The Effect of Limb Muscle Explosive Power, Flexibility, and Achievement Motivation on Sickle Kick Performance in Pencak Silat Learning. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(3), 393–400. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.3.14
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