Measurement Reliability and the Effectiveness of Shooting Training in Beginner Basketball Athletes Based on ARISEBA-Tech
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2026.2.12Keywords:
basketball, training, shooting performance, sensor-based assessmentAbstract
Background. Basketball shooting performance is influenced by multiple physical, technical, and perceptual-motor factors, leading recent research to emphasize the role of technology-assisted training and objective performance measurement. However, standardized shooting assessment instruments remain largely dependent on manual observation and are rarely integrated with systems capable of supporting structured motor learning process control.
Objectives. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the measurement reliability of ARISEBA-Tech and to examine the effectiveness of an eight-week technology-assisted shooting training program in beginner basketball athletes.
Materials and Methods. A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design, combined with test–retest reliability analysis, was employed. Twenty-nine beginner university basketball players completed standardized shooting assessments (BJSAT, SST, and CBST), which were recorded automatically using ARISEBA-Tech. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficients of variation (CV). Performance changes were analyzed using paired-sample t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, with effect sizes calculated using Cohen’s d.
Results. Most shooting performance variables demonstrated good to very good reliability (ICC > 0.80). Time-based variables showed lower variability compared with accuracy-related measures. Following the intervention, significant improvements were observed in shooting accuracy and execution efficiency (p < 0.05), with moderate to large effect sizes (d = 0.38–1.33).
Conclusions. ARISEBA-Tech provides reliable automated performance measurement and shows potential to support the structured regulation of motor learning processes in beginner shooting training. As a pilot study, the findings provide preliminary empirical evidence rather than generalizable conclusions, indicating the need for larger controlled studies and the integration of movement technique analysis.
Downloads
References
Cao, S., Wang, Z., Guo, J., Geok, S.K., Sun, H., & Liu, J. (2024). The effects of plyometric training on physical fitness and skill-related performance in female basketball players: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In Frontiers in Physiology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1386788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1386788
Bourdas, D.I., Travlos, A.K., Souglis, A., Gofas, D.C., Stavropoulos, D., & Bakirtzoglou, P. (2024). Basketball Fatigue Impact on Kinematic Parameters and 3-Point Shooting Accuracy: Insights across Players’ Positions and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Associations of High-Level Players. Sports, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12030063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12030063
Cabarkapa, D., Cabarkapa, D.V., Miller, J.D., Templin, T.T., Frazer, L.L., Nicolella, D.P., & Fry, A.C. (2023). Biomechanical characteristics of proficient free-throw shooters-markerless motion capture analysis. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1208915 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1208915
Amaro, C.M., Castro, M.A., Mendes, R., & Gomes, B.B. (2024). Visual Fixations in Basketball Shooting: Differences between Shooting Conditions. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 14(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083168
Brini, S., Yagin, F.H., Calleja-González, J., Sansone, P., Badicu, G., Bouassida, A., Castagna, C., Greco, G., Alghannam, A.F., Ardigo, L.P., & Delextrat, A. (2025). The effects of different multidirectional plyometric sequences on shooting, balance, and neuromuscular performance in professional male basketball players. Plos One, 20(9 September). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331791 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331791
Chen, G. (2024). Research on the Model of Shooting Probability in Basketball Sports Competition. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2024-3020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2024-3020
Chmiel, J., & Buryta, R. (2025). The Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Basketball Performance-A Scoping Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103354 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103354
Court Gold, C.L., Clark, B., Lascu, A., Gorman, A.D., Ball, N., & Maloney, M.A. (2025). Sampling perception-action couplings from competition create representative basketball shooting tasks: A replication and extension of Gorman and Maloney (2016). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102828 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102828
Ji, R. (2020). Research on Basketball Shooting Action Based on Image Feature Extraction and Machine Learning. IEEE Access, 8, 138743-138751. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3012456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3012456
Boddington, B.J., Cripps, A.J., Scanlan, A.T., & Spiteri, T. (2019). The validity and reliability of the Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(14), 1648-1654. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1582138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1582138
Ntasis, L. (2019). Optimization techniques for basketball players under the convex risk measures. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(Proc5), S2435-S2440. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.14.Proc5.59 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.14.Proc5.59
Rösch, D., Ströbele, M.G., Leyhr, D., Ibáñez, S.J., & Höner, O. (2022). Performance Differences in Male Youth Basketball Players According to Selection Status and Playing Position: An Evaluation of the Basketball Learning and Performance Assessment Instrument. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.859897 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.859897
Zhang, C. (2025). Evaluation of Basketball Shooting Technique Based on Video Analysis. In 2025 6th International Conference on Computer Vision, Image and Deep Learning, CVIDL 2025 (pp. 1023-1027). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVIDL65390.2025.11085443 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CVIDL65390.2025.11085443
Zhao, Q., Gao, W., Zhang, K., & Lv, B. (2023). Energy Expenditure Estimation for Schoolchildren Using Accelerometers. In Proceedings - 2023 Cross Strait Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference, CSRSWTC 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSRSWTC60855.2023.10427140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CSRSWTC60855.2023.10427140
Weng, J.J., Ku, C., Wang, J.C., Cheng, C.J., Lin, T., Su, Y.A., Tsai, T.H., Lin, Y.Y., Ku, L.W., Chu, H.K., & Hu, M.C. (2025). Bridging Coaching Knowledge and AI Feedback to Enhance Motor Learning in Basketball Shooting Mechanics Through a Knowledge-Based SOP Framework. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713324
Svoboda, I., Bon, I., Rupčić, T., Cigrovski, V., & Đurković, T. (2024). Defining the Quantitative Criteria for Two Basketball Shooting Techniques. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 14(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114460
Boonsom, N., & Bungmark, W. (2024). Enhancing basketball jump shot performance and dynamic balance in male basketball players through balance shooting training. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 24(1), 187-195. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.01023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.01023
Xue, P. (2024). The effect of core strength training on basketball players’ shooting percentage. MCB Molecular and Cellular Biomechanics, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.62617/mcb452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.62617/mcb452
Gentili, R.J., Bradberry, T.J., Oh, H., Costanzo, M.E., Kerick, S.E., Contreras-Vidal, J.L., & Hatfield, B.D. (2015). Evolution of cerebral cortico-cortical communication during visuomotor adaptation to a cognitive-motor executive challenge. Biological Psychology, 105, 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.12.003
Gutiérrez-Capote, A., Madinabeitia, I., Torre, E., Alarcón, F., Jiménez-Martínez, J., & Cárdenas, D. (2023). Changes in Perceived Mental Load and Motor Performance during Practice-to-Learn and Practice-to-Maintain in Basketball. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054664
Choo, L., Novak, A., Impellizzeri, F.M., Porter, C., & Fransen, J. (2024). Skill acquisition interventions for the learning of sports-related skills: A scoping review of randomised controlled trials. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102615 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102615
Williams, A.M., & Hodges, N.J. (2023). Effective practice and instruction: A skill acquisition framework for excellence. Journal of Sports Sciences, 41(9), 833-849. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2240630 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2240630
Ren, L., Wu, L., Feng, T., & Liu, X. (2025). A New Method for Inducing Mental Fatigue: A High Mental Workload Task Paradigm Based on Complex Cognitive Abilities and Time Pressure. Brain Sciences, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15060541 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15060541
Kubicek, B., Uhlig, L., Hülsheger, U.R., Korunka, C., & Prem, R. (2023). Are all challenge stressors beneficial for learning? A meta-analytical assessment of differential effects of workload and cognitive demands. Work and Stress, 37(3), 269-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2022.2142986 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2022.2142986
Dehais, F., Lafont, A., Roy, R., & Fairclough, S. (2020). A Neuroergonomics Approach to Mental Workload, Engagement and Human Performance. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00268
Boddington, B.J., Cripps, A.J., Scanlan, A.T., & Spiteri, T. (2020). Operation of the Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test: Intra- and inter-rater reliability of scoring procedures and floor and ceiling effects for test performance. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 15(2), 220-226. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120902568 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120902568
Daub, B. D., McLean, B. D., Heishman, A. D., & Coutts, A. J. (2023). The reliability and usefulness of a novel basketball standardized shooting task. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 18(4), 1123–1133. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221100496 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221100496
Conte, D., Smith, M.R., Santolamazza, F., Favero, T.G., Tessitore, A., & Coutts, A. (2019). Reliability, usefulness and construct validity of the Combined Basketball Skill Test (CBST). Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(11), 1205-1211. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1551046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1551046
Slimi, O., Souissi, M.A., Marsigliante, S., Badicu, G., Vveinhardt, J., & Muscella, A. (2025). Adapted Basketball Training Improves Fitness and Motivation in Adolescents with Moderate Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Children, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/children12091262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/children12091262
Huang, Y., & Chen, H. (2023). A Basketball Player Technical Analysis Framework Based on Decision Tree Optimized Recursive Neural Network. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing and Computer Applications, ICIPCA 2023 (pp. 1214-1219). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIPCA59209.2023.10257696 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIPCA59209.2023.10257696
Wang, X. (2024). Biomechanical Analysis on the In-situ Three-point Jump Shooting Technique in Basketball. In Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing: Material, Processing, and Manufacturing (pp. 1-6). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003538646-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003538646-1
Zacharakis, E.D., Bourdas, D.I., Kotsifa, M.I., Bekris, E.M., Velentza, E.T., & Kostopoulos, N.I. (2020). Effect of balance and proprioceptive training on balancing and technical skills in 13-14-year-old youth basketball players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(5), 2487-2500. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.05340 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.05340
Gong, J., Li, L., Zhou, Q., & Zhang, J. (2025). Effects of CrossFitTM versus regular training on physical fitness and skills in U12 basketball players: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (United States), 104(30), e43422. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000043422 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000043422
Hove, D. ten, Jorgensen, T.D., & van der Ark, L.A. (2022). Updated Guidelines on Selecting an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient for Interrater Reliability, With Applications to Incomplete Observational Designs. Psychological Methods, 29(5), 967-979. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000516
Schneikart, G., & Mayrhofer, W. (2022). Objectively measuring learning outcomes of information technology-assisted training courses. International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 39(5), 437-450. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJILT-04-2022-0086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJILT-04-2022-0086
Li, Y., Liu, Y., Leung, A.Y. M., & Montayre, J. (2025). Technology-Assisted Motor-Cognitive Training Among Older Adults: Rapid Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. JMIR Serious Games, 13. https://doi.org/10.2196/67250 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/67250
Vidal, P.P., & Lacquaniti, F. (2021). Perceptual-motor styles. Experimental Brain Research, 239(5), 1359-1380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06049-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06049-0
Moreno, F.J., Caballero, C., & Barbado, D. (2023). Editorial: The role of movement variability in motor control and learning, analysis methods and practical applications. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1260878 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1260878
Goldschmied, N., Raphaeli, M., Moothart, S., & Furley, P. (2022). Free throw shooting performance under pressure: a social psychology critical review of research. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(5), 1397-1415. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1979073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1979073
Sigrist, R., Rauter, G., Riener, R., & Wolf, P. (2013). Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 20(1), 21-53. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0333-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0333-8
Wulf, G., Shea, C., & Lewthwaite, R. (2010). Motor skill learning and performance: A review of influential factors. Medical Education, 44(1), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03421.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03421.x
Magill, R. A., & Anderson, D. I. (2014). Motor learning and control: Concepts and applications (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Moreno, F.J., & Ordoño, E.M. (2015). Variability and practice load in motor learning. RICYDE: Revista Internacional de Ciencias Del Deporte, 11(39), 62-78. https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2015.03905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2015.03905
Debatin, T., Hopp, M.D. S., Vialle, W., & Ziegler, A. (2023). The meta-analyses of deliberate practice underestimate the effect size because they neglect the core characteristic of individualization-an analysis and empirical evidence. Current Psychology, 42(13), 10815-10825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02326-xCao, S., Wang, Z., Guo, J., Geok, S.K., Sun, H., & Liu, J. (2024). The effects of plyometric training on physical fitness and skill-related performance in female basketball players: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In Frontiers in Physiology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1386788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02326-x
Bourdas, D.I., Travlos, A.K., Souglis, A., Gofas, D.C., Stavropoulos, D., & Bakirtzoglou, P. (2024). Basketball Fatigue Impact on Kinematic Parameters and 3-Point Shooting Accuracy: Insights across Players’ Positions and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Associations of High-Level Players. Sports, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12030063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12030063
Cabarkapa, D., Cabarkapa, D.V., Miller, J.D., Templin, T.T., Frazer, L.L., Nicolella, D.P., & Fry, A.C. (2023). Biomechanical characteristics of proficient free-throw shooters-markerless motion capture analysis. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1208915 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1208915
Amaro, C.M., Castro, M.A., Mendes, R., & Gomes, B.B. (2024). Visual Fixations in Basketball Shooting: Differences between Shooting Conditions. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 14(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083168
Brini, S., Yagin, F.H., Calleja-González, J., Sansone, P., Badicu, G., Bouassida, A., Castagna, C., Greco, G., Alghannam, A.F., Ardigo, L.P., & Delextrat, A. (2025). The effects of different multidirectional plyometric sequences on shooting, balance, and neuromuscular performance in professional male basketball players. Plos One, 20(9 September). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331791 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331791
Chen, G. (2024). Research on the Model of Shooting Probability in Basketball Sports Competition. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2024-3020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2024-3020
Chmiel, J., & Buryta, R. (2025). The Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Basketball Performance-A Scoping Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103354 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103354
Court Gold, C.L., Clark, B., Lascu, A., Gorman, A.D., Ball, N., & Maloney, M.A. (2025). Sampling perception-action couplings from competition create representative basketball shooting tasks: A replication and extension of Gorman and Maloney (2016). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102828 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102828
Ji, R. (2020). Research on Basketball Shooting Action Based on Image Feature Extraction and Machine Learning. IEEE Access, 8, 138743-138751. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3012456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3012456
Boddington, B.J., Cripps, A.J., Scanlan, A.T., & Spiteri, T. (2019). The validity and reliability of the Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(14), 1648-1654. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1582138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1582138
Ntasis, L. (2019). Optimization techniques for basketball players under the convex risk measures. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(Proc5), S2435-S2440. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.14.Proc5.59 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.14.Proc5.59
Rösch, D., Ströbele, M.G., Leyhr, D., Ibáñez, S.J., & Höner, O. (2022). Performance Differences in Male Youth Basketball Players According to Selection Status and Playing Position: An Evaluation of the Basketball Learning and Performance Assessment Instrument. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.859897 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.859897
Zhang, C. (2025). Evaluation of Basketball Shooting Technique Based on Video Analysis. In 2025 6th International Conference on Computer Vision, Image and Deep Learning, CVIDL 2025 (pp. 1023-1027). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVIDL65390.2025.11085443 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CVIDL65390.2025.11085443
Zhao, Q., Gao, W., Zhang, K., & Lv, B. (2023). Energy Expenditure Estimation for Schoolchildren Using Accelerometers. In Proceedings - 2023 Cross Strait Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference, CSRSWTC 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSRSWTC60855.2023.10427140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CSRSWTC60855.2023.10427140
Weng, J.J., Ku, C., Wang, J.C., Cheng, C.J., Lin, T., Su, Y.A., Tsai, T.H., Lin, Y.Y., Ku, L.W., Chu, H.K., & Hu, M.C. (2025). Bridging Coaching Knowledge and AI Feedback to Enhance Motor Learning in Basketball Shooting Mechanics Through a Knowledge-Based SOP Framework. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713324
Svoboda, I., Bon, I., Rupčić, T., Cigrovski, V., & Đurković, T. (2024). Defining the Quantitative Criteria for Two Basketball Shooting Techniques. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 14(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114460
Boonsom, N., & Bungmark, W. (2024). Enhancing basketball jump shot performance and dynamic balance in male basketball players through balance shooting training. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 24(1), 187-195. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.01023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.01023
Xue, P. (2024). The effect of core strength training on basketball players’ shooting percentage. MCB Molecular and Cellular Biomechanics, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.62617/mcb452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.62617/mcb452
Gentili, R.J., Bradberry, T.J., Oh, H., Costanzo, M.E., Kerick, S.E., Contreras-Vidal, J.L., & Hatfield, B.D. (2015). Evolution of cerebral cortico-cortical communication during visuomotor adaptation to a cognitive-motor executive challenge. Biological Psychology, 105, 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.12.003
Gutiérrez-Capote, A., Madinabeitia, I., Torre, E., Alarcón, F., Jiménez-Martínez, J., & Cárdenas, D. (2023). Changes in Perceived Mental Load and Motor Performance during Practice-to-Learn and Practice-to-Maintain in Basketball. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054664
Choo, L., Novak, A., Impellizzeri, F.M., Porter, C., & Fransen, J. (2024). Skill acquisition interventions for the learning of sports-related skills: A scoping review of randomised controlled trials. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102615 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102615
Williams, A.M., & Hodges, N.J. (2023). Effective practice and instruction: A skill acquisition framework for excellence. Journal of Sports Sciences, 41(9), 833-849. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2240630 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2240630
Ren, L., Wu, L., Feng, T., & Liu, X. (2025). A New Method for Inducing Mental Fatigue: A High Mental Workload Task Paradigm Based on Complex Cognitive Abilities and Time Pressure. Brain Sciences, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15060541 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15060541
Kubicek, B., Uhlig, L., Hülsheger, U.R., Korunka, C., & Prem, R. (2023). Are all challenge stressors beneficial for learning? A meta-analytical assessment of differential effects of workload and cognitive demands. Work and Stress, 37(3), 269-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2022.2142986 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2022.2142986
Dehais, F., Lafont, A., Roy, R., & Fairclough, S. (2020). A Neuroergonomics Approach to Mental Workload, Engagement and Human Performance. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00268
Boddington, B.J., Cripps, A.J., Scanlan, A.T., & Spiteri, T. (2020). Operation of the Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test: Intra- and inter-rater reliability of scoring procedures and floor and ceiling effects for test performance. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 15(2), 220-226. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120902568 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120902568
Daub, B. D., McLean, B. D., Heishman, A. D., & Coutts, A. J. (2023). The reliability and usefulness of a novel basketball standardized shooting task. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 18(4), 1123–1133. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221100496 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221100496
Conte, D., Smith, M.R., Santolamazza, F., Favero, T.G., Tessitore, A., & Coutts, A. (2019). Reliability, usefulness and construct validity of the Combined Basketball Skill Test (CBST). Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(11), 1205-1211. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1551046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1551046
Slimi, O., Souissi, M.A., Marsigliante, S., Badicu, G., Vveinhardt, J., & Muscella, A. (2025). Adapted Basketball Training Improves Fitness and Motivation in Adolescents with Moderate Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Children, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/children12091262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/children12091262
Huang, Y., & Chen, H. (2023). A Basketball Player Technical Analysis Framework Based on Decision Tree Optimized Recursive Neural Network. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing and Computer Applications, ICIPCA 2023 (pp. 1214-1219). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIPCA59209.2023.10257696 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIPCA59209.2023.10257696
Wang, X. (2024). Biomechanical Analysis on the In-situ Three-point Jump Shooting Technique in Basketball. In Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing: Material, Processing, and Manufacturing (pp. 1-6). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003538646-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003538646-1
Zacharakis, E.D., Bourdas, D.I., Kotsifa, M.I., Bekris, E.M., Velentza, E.T., & Kostopoulos, N.I. (2020). Effect of balance and proprioceptive training on balancing and technical skills in 13-14-year-old youth basketball players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(5), 2487-2500. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.05340 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.05340
Gong, J., Li, L., Zhou, Q., & Zhang, J. (2025). Effects of CrossFitTM versus regular training on physical fitness and skills in U12 basketball players: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (United States), 104(30), e43422. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000043422 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000043422
Hove, D. ten, Jorgensen, T.D., & van der Ark, L.A. (2022). Updated Guidelines on Selecting an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient for Interrater Reliability, With Applications to Incomplete Observational Designs. Psychological Methods, 29(5), 967-979. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000516
Schneikart, G., & Mayrhofer, W. (2022). Objectively measuring learning outcomes of information technology-assisted training courses. International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 39(5), 437-450. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJILT-04-2022-0086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJILT-04-2022-0086
Li, Y., Liu, Y., Leung, A.Y. M., & Montayre, J. (2025). Technology-Assisted Motor-Cognitive Training Among Older Adults: Rapid Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. JMIR Serious Games, 13. https://doi.org/10.2196/67250 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/67250
Vidal, P.P., & Lacquaniti, F. (2021). Perceptual-motor styles. Experimental Brain Research, 239(5), 1359-1380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06049-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06049-0
Moreno, F.J., Caballero, C., & Barbado, D. (2023). Editorial: The role of movement variability in motor control and learning, analysis methods and practical applications. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1260878 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1260878
Goldschmied, N., Raphaeli, M., Moothart, S., & Furley, P. (2022). Free throw shooting performance under pressure: a social psychology critical review of research. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(5), 1397-1415. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1979073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1979073
Sigrist, R., Rauter, G., Riener, R., & Wolf, P. (2013). Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 20(1), 21-53. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0333-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0333-8
Wulf, G., Shea, C., & Lewthwaite, R. (2010). Motor skill learning and performance: A review of influential factors. Medical Education, 44(1), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03421.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03421.x
Magill, R. A., & Anderson, D. I. (2014). Motor learning and control: Concepts and applications (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Moreno, F.J., & Ordoño, E.M. (2015). Variability and practice load in motor learning. RICYDE: Revista Internacional de Ciencias Del Deporte, 11(39), 62-78. https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2015.03905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2015.03905
Debatin, T., Hopp, M.D. S., Vialle, W., & Ziegler, A. (2023). The meta-analyses of deliberate practice underestimate the effect size because they neglect the core characteristic of individualization-an analysis and empirical evidence. Current Psychology, 42(13), 10815-10825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02326-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02326-x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Aris Mulyono, Harry Pramono, Yuliarman Saragih, Firmansyah Dahlan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
