The Development and Validation of a Low-Cost Timing Gate Prototype as an Alternative to a Stopwatch in Agility Testing
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.6.15Keywords:
505 agility test, agility, timing gate, prototypeAbstract
Background. Agility, defined as the physical attribute that enables individuals to swiftly alter their direction, is assessed through various tests, including body type assessments and sport-specific evaluations. It encompasses rapid alterations in the entire body, movements, and limb orientation. Agility plays a pivotal role in sports such as basketball, soccer, and racquetball, where prompt directional changes and precise body control are indispensable. Notably, the 505 test stands as the most reliable agility test, exhibiting a correlation with acceleration but not with speed. It monitors both speed and agility development. However, the prohibitive cost and accessibility challenges associated with the timing gate technology in Indonesia restrict its widespread application. Consequently, local sports practitioners continue to employ conventional stopwatches for their assessments.
Objectives. The objective of this study was to develop a low-cost timing gate prototype that will be validated and approved by local users in Indonesia. The study evaluated the agreement between the 505 Agility Test measures, which utilize a stopwatch and a timing gate device that was constructed by the authors of the present study.
Materials and Methods. The test protocol was administered to 40 fifth-semester students (9 females and 31 males) from the physical education study program in Indonesia.
Results. The timing gate prototype was 0.19 seconds faster than the stopwatch measurement results (p <0.05). The prototype has also demonstrated excellent reliability. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was found to be 0.920, with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of 0.848–0.958. Bland-Altman plots revealed a good level of agreement with the prototype.
Conclusions. The findings indicate that the timing gate prototype is a potential replacement with a low cost for measuring timing results from conventional 505 agility tests using a stopwatch.
Downloads
References
Lockie, R.G., Murphy, A.J., & Spinks, C.D. (2003). Effects of resisted sled towing on sprint kinematics in field-sport athletes. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17, 760-767. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200311000-00022
Lockie, Robert G., Farzad, J., Orjalo, A.J., Giuliano, D.V., Moreno, M.R., & Wright, G.A. (2017). A methodological report: Adapting the 505 change-of-direction speed test specific to American football. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(2), 539-547. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001490
Spencer, M., Bishop, D., Dawson, B., & Goodman, C. (2005). Physiological and metabolic responses of repeated-sprint activities: Specificto field-based team sports. Sports Medicine, 35, 1025-1044. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535120-00003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535120-00003
Firdausi, D.K. A., & Simbolon, M.E. M. (2021). Development of Automated " Hexagonal Obstacle Test " in Sports Agility Measurement. Indonesian Journal of Electronics and Instrumentation Systems (IJEIS), 11(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijeis.64434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijeis.64434
Sheppard, J.M., & Young, W.B. (2006). Agility literature review : Classifications , training and testing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(9), 919-932. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457109
Hoeger, W.W. K. (2008). Principles and Labs for Physical Fitness (6th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth.
Dawes, J., & Roozen, M. (2012). Developing Agility and Quickness (1st ed.). Human Kinetic.
Miranda, D.L., Hsu, W., Gravelle, D.C., Petersen, K., Ryzman, R., Niemi, J., & Lesniewski-laas, N. (2016). Sensory enhancing insoles improve athletic performance during a hexagonal agility task. Journal of Biomechanics, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.02.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.02.022
Mackenzie, B. (2008). 101 Performance Evaluation Test. Electric Word.
Balsalobre-Fernández, C., Bishop, C., Beltrán-Garrido, J.V., Cecilia-Gallego, P., Cuenca-Amigó, A., Romero-Rodríguez, D., & Madruga-Parera, M. (2019). The validity and reliability of a novel app for the measurement of change of direction performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(21), 2420-2424. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1640029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1640029
Stojanović, E., Aksović, N., Stojiljković, N., Stanković, R., Scanlan, A.T., & Milanović, Z. (2019). Reliability, Usefulness, and Factorial Validity of Change-of-direction Speed Tests in Adolescent Basketball Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(11), 3162-3173. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002666
Hůlka, K., Weisser, R., & Bělka, J.A. N. (2018). Verification of speed and agility k-test in junior football players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(2), 1187-1191. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.s2176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.s2176
Spasic, M., Uljevic, O., Coh, M., Dzelalija, M., & Sekulic, D. (2013). Predictors of agility performance among early pubescent girls. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 13(2), 480-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868664
Pribadi, F.S., & Haryono, S. (2011). Rancang Bangun Alat Ukur Ketinggian Lompatan dengan Sensor Infra Merah. Jurnal Teknik Elektro, 3(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.15294/jte.v3i1.1557
Haryono, S., & Pribadi, F.S. (2012). Pengembangan Jump Power Meter Sebagai Alat Pengukur Power Tungkai. Jurnal Media Ilmu Keolahragaan Indonesia, 2(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.15294/miki.v2i1.2550
Manson, S.A., Brughelli, M., & Haris, N.K. (2014). Physiological Characteristics of International Female Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(2), 308-318. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31829b56b1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31829b56b1
Peebles, A.T., Maguire, L.A., Renner, K.E., & Queen, R.M. (2018). Validity and Repeatability of Single-Sensor Loadsol Insoles during Landing. Sensors, 18(12), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/S18124082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124082
Rusdiana, A., Mulyana, B., Nurjaya, D.R., Badaruzman, Imanudin, I., Fauziah, E., & Syahid, A.M. (2021). 3D Biomechanical Analysis of Swimming Start Movements Using a Portable Smart Platform With Android Pie. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 16(1), 571-585.
Koo, T.K., & Li, M.Y. (2016). A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCM.2016.02.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
Parente, J.D., Dhamodharan, A., Hensler, S., Kuhlbach, C., Mueller, M.M., & Möller, K. (2019). Automatic Image Analysis System to Measure Wound Area in Vitro. Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering, 5(1), 421-424. https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2019-0106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2019-0106
Perrotta, A.S., Day, B.D., Wafai, I., Oates, R.P., Peterson, M.L., Scott, A.J., Barker, R.C., Garedakis, A.B., & Seaborn, K.A. (2023). Concurrent validity and reliability of photoelectric and accelerometer technology for calculating vertical jump height in female athletes. Sports Engineering, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-023-00440-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-023-00440-6
Alzahrani, A., Hu, S., Azorin-Peris, V., Barrett, L., Esliger, D., Hayes, M., Akbare, S., Achart, J., & Kuoch, S. (2015). A multi-channel opto-electronic sensor to accurately monitor heart rate against motion artefact during exercise. Sensors (Switzerland), 15(10), 25681-25702. https://doi.org/10.3390/s151025681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s151025681
Bravi, M., Santacaterina, F., Bressi, F., Morrone, M., Renzi, A., Di Tocco, J., Schena, E., Sterzi, S., & Massaroni, C. (2023). Instrumented treadmill for run biomechanics analysis: A comparative study. Biomedizinische Technik, 68(6), 563-571. https://doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2022-0258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2022-0258
Hui, S.C. N., Zhang, T., Shi, L., Wang, D., Ip, C.-B., & Chu, W.C. W. (2018). Automated segmentation of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue in obese adolescent in MRI. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 45, 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2017.09.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2017.09.016
Bian, C., Ye, B., & Mihailidis, A. (2022). The Development and Concurrent Validity of a Multi-Sensor-Based Frailty Toolkit for In-Home Frailty Assessment. Sensors, 22(9), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093532 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093532
Bruzzo, J., Perkins, N.C., & Mikkola, A. (2020). Embedded inertial measurement unit reveals pole lean angle for cross-country skiing. Sports Engineering, 23(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-019-0316-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-019-0316-3
Gupta, P., Mittal, L., Rizzo, R.A., Bikkina, M., & Debari, V.A. (2009). In-use comparison of blood pressure measurements from an automated blood pressure instrument with those from a mercury sphygmomanometer. Biomedical Instrumentation and Technology, 43(2), 158-163. https://doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-43.2.158 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-43.2.158
Maeda, Y., Okawara, H., Sawada, T., Nakashima, D., Nagahara, J., Fujitsuka, H., Ikeda, K., Hoshino, S., Kobari, Y., Katsumata, Y., Nakamura, M., & Nagura, T. (2023). Implications of the Onset of Sweating on the Sweat Lactate Threshold. Sensors, 23(7), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073378
Stitt, D., Draper, N., Alexander, K., & Kabaliuk, N. (2021). Laboratory validation of instrumented mouthguard for use in sport. Sensors, 21(18), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21186028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21186028
Feng, X., Li, Q., Sun, K., Xu, K., & Wu, J. (2025). Exploiting Cross-Layer Vulnerabilities: Off-Path Attacks on the TCP/IP Protocol Suite. Communications of the ACM, 68(3), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.1145/3689819 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3689819
Alsahli, R.S., Alobud, R.F., Alsuhaibani, L.A., Alabdulhafith, M., & Alfarraj, M.F. (2024). LUBB: Augmented Reality (AR) Application for Learning Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Model. In A.K. (Ed.), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems: Vol. 1066 LNNS (pp. 408-426). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66428-1_25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66428-1_25
Moradiya, H., & Popat, K. (2024). Evaluating TCP Performance with RED for Efficient Congestion Control. In R.S., P.K., M.D., & B.S. (Eds.). Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2039, pp. 403-414. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59100-6_28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59100-6_28
Kerdaoui, Z., Sammoud, S., Negra, Y., Attia, A., & Hachana, Y. (2021). Reliability and time-of-day effect on measures of change of direction deficit in young healthy physical education students. Chronobiology International, 38(1), 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2020.1839091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2020.1839091
Hribernik, M., Keš, E., Umek, A., & Kos, A. (2021). Sensor Based Agility Assessment in Sport. Procedia Computer Science, 187, 440-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.04.082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.04.082
Sonesson, S., Lindblom, H., & Hägglund, M. (2020). Performance on sprint, agility and jump tests have moderate to strong correlations in youth football players but performance tests are weakly correlated to neuromuscular control tests. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06302-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06302-z
Kadlubowski, B., Keiner, M., Stefer, T., Kapsecker, A., Hartmann, H., & Wirth, K. (2020). Influence of linear-sprint performance, concentric power and maximum strength on change of direction performance in elite youth soccer players. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, March. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-020-00692-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-020-00692-5
Bakalár, I., Šimonek, J., Kanásov, J., Krčmárová, B., & Krčmár, M. (2020). Multiple athletic performances, maturation, and Functional Movement Screen total and individual scores across different age categories in young soccer players. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 16(5), 432-441. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.2040546.273 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.2040546.273
Hopper, A., Haff, E.E., Barley, O.R., Joyce, C., Lloyd, R.S., & Haff, G.G. (2017). Neuromuscular training improves movement competency and physical performance measures in 11-13-year-old female netball athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(5), 1165-1176. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001794 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001794
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Chaeroni, Asrul Huda, Muhammad Eka Mardyansyah Sombolon, Dzihan Khilmi Ayu Firdausi, Catur Pebriandani, Ghina Andristi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
