Analyzing Lived Experiences of Athlete and Coach Relationships in Sports
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.3.02Keywords:
life experience, athlete, coach, relationships, sportAbstract
Objectives. The two main stressors affecting athletes’ wellbeing are relationships between coaches and athletes and social support. This study aims to investigate the connections between athletes’ psychological health, social support, and coach-athlete interactions. Relationships between coaches and athletes have a favorable impact on future coaching techniques and support systems, which in turn improves athlete wellbeing.
Materials and methods. This study employed a quantitative approach using survey methods. The study involved 323 respondents consisting of 231 males (71.52%) and 92 females (28.48%). The instrument used in this study was the Instructor–Student Rapport Scale, comprising 2 dimensions (pleasant interactions and personal relationships). The study results were analyzed using the t-test to determine the significance of differences in athletes’ life experiences based on their relationship with the coach. The findings of the study explain that the experiences of athletes’ gender have differences regarding the relationship with the coach.
Results. This result has also been proven by the results of the t test calculation of <0.001. Meanwhile, the results of t test calculations related to the type of sport (individual and group) obtained results > 0.001, which states that there is no difference in life experience between athletes and coaches.
Conclusions. These findings lead to the conclusion that the most crucial factor in facilitating and enabling meaningful life experiences between coaches and athletes is the coach’s proximity to the athletes.
Downloads
References
Wekesser, M. M., Harris, B. S., Langdon, J., & Wilson, C. H. (2021). Coaches’ impact on youth athletes’ intentions to continue sport participation: The mediational influence of the coach–athlete relationship. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 16(3), 490-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954121991817 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954121991817
Rothwell, M., Stone, J., & Davids, K. (2022). Investigating the athlete-environment relationship in a form of life: an ethnographic study. Sport, Education and Society, 27(1), 113-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2020.1815690 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2020.1815690
López de Subijana, C., Martin, L. J., Ramos, J., & Côté, J. (2021). How coach leadership is related to the coach-athlete relationship in elite sport. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 16(6), 1239-1246. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541211021523 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541211021523
González-García, H., Martinent, G., & Nicolas, M. (2021). Relationships between perceived coach leadership and athletes’ affective states experienced during competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(5), 568-575. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1835236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1835236
Sakalidis, K. E., Hettinga, F. J., & Ling, F. C. M. (2023). Coaching styles and sports motivation in athletes with and without Intellectual Impairments. PLoS ONE, 18, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296164 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296164
Trninić, M., Papić, V., & Trninić, V. (2009). Influence of coach ’s leadership behaviour and process of training on performance and competition efficacty in elite sport. Acta Kinesiologica, 3(1), 18-25.
Powers, M., Fogaca, J., Gurung, R. A. R., & Jackman, C. M. (2020). Predicting Student-Athlete Mental Health: Coach–Athlete Relationship. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 25(2), 172-180. https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.jn25.2.172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.JN25.2.172
Kuhlin, F., Barker-Ruchti, N., & Stewart, C. (2020). Long-term impact of the coach-athlete relationship on development, health, and wellbeing: stories from a figure skater. Sports Coaching Review, 9(2), 208-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2019.1620016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2019.1620016
Graham, J. A., & Smith, A. B. (2022). Work and Life in the Sport Industry: A Review of Work-Life Interface Experiences Among Athletic Employees. Journal of Athletic Training, 57(3), 210-224. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0633.20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0633.20
Falcão, W. R., Bloom, G. A., & Sabiston, C. M. (2020). The impact of humanistic coach training on youth athletes’ development through sport. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 15(5–6), 610-620. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120933975 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120933975
Bissett, J. E., & Tamminen, K. A. (2022). Student-athlete disclosures of psychological distress: Exploring the experiences of university coaches and athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 34(2), 363-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1753263 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1753263
Allan, V., Vierimaa, M., Gainforth, H. L., & Côté, J. (2018). The use of behaviour change theories and techniques in research-informed coach development programmes: a systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 47-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1286514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1286514
MacDonald, D. J., Camiré, M., Erickson, K., & Santos, F. (2020). Positive youth development related athlete experiences and coach behaviors following a targeted coach education course. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 15(5–6), 621-630. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120942017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120942017
Jowett, Sophia, Nicolas, M., & Yang, S. (2017). Unravelling the Links between Coach Behaviours and Coach-Athlete Relationships. European Journal of Sports and Exercise Science, 5(3), 10-19.
Purnomo, E., Ma’mun, A., Kusmaedi, N., Hendrayana, Y., Hidayat, Y., Jermaina, N., & Marheni, E. (2021). Profile: Interpersonal communication skills for future coaches. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(5), 964-972. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090518
SA, S., CM, H., & CA, A. (2022). Congruence of efficacy beliefs on the coach-athlete relationship and athlete anxiety: Athlete 3 self-efficacy and coach estimation of athlete self-efficacy. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 58(102062), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102062
McGee, V. (2016). The Coach-Athlete Relationship and Athlete Psychological Outcomes. Thesis University of North Carolina, 4(1), 1-23.
Moen, F. (2014). The coach-athlete relationship and expectations. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(11), 29-40.
Westfall, S., Martin, E. M., & Gould, D. (2018). The Association Between the Coach-Athlete Relationship and Burnout Among High School Coaches. Journal of Sport Behavior, 41(1), 107-126.
Jackson, B., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2010). Self-efficacy as a metaperception within coach-athlete and athlete-athlete relationships. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(3), 188-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.12.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.12.005
Norman, L., & French, J. (2013). Understanding how high performance women athletes experience the coach-athlete relationship. International Journal of Coaching Science, 7(1), 3-24.
Serpell, B. G., Harrison, D., Dower, R., & Cook, C. J. (2023). The under representation of women coaches in high-performance sport. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 18(4), 1320-1332. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541231160229 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541231160229
Jowett, S., & Cockerill, I. M. (2003). Olympic medallists’ perspective of the althlete-coach relationship. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(4), 313-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00011-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00011-0
Mohammad Fazilah, F., Ahmad Radzi, J., Abu Bakar, A. H., & Mohd Kassim, A. F. (2023). Roles of Coach’S Behaviour in Affecting the Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviour in Athletes: a Systematic Review. Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation, 19(1), 70-94. https://doi.org/10.24191/mjssr.v19i1.21759 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24191/mjssr.v19i1.21759
Shuai, Z., Keat, O. B., & Tham, J. (2024). The Impact Of Coaching Behaviours On The Sustainable Development Of Youth Athletes. Migration Letters, 21(2), 794-815.
Li, B., Dittmore, S. W., & Park, J.-A. (2015). Exploring Different Perceptions of Coach-Athlete Relationship: The Case of Chinese Olympians. International Journal of Coaching Science, 9(2), 59-76.
Frisby, B., & Myers, S. A. (2008). The relationships among perceived instructor rapport, student participation, and student learning outcomes. Texas Speech Communication Journal, 33, 27-34.
Frisby, B. N., & Martin, M. M. (2010). Instructor-Student and student-Student rapport in the classroom. Communication Education, 59(2), 146-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520903564362 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520903564362
Young, L. E., Horan, S. M., & Frisby, B. N. (2013). Fair and Square? An Examination of Classroom Justice and Relational Teaching Messages. Communication Education, 62(4), 333-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2013.800216 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2013.800216
Graham, E. E., & Mazer, J. P. (2020). Communication research measures III: A sourcebook. In Communication Research Measures III: A Sourcebook. Routledge, Taylor & Francis group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203730188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203730188
Davis, L., Jowett, S., & Tafvelin, S. (2019). Communication strategies: The fuel for quality coach-athlete relationships and athlete satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(SEP). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02156
Lisinskiene, A. (2018). The effect of a 6-month coach educational program on strengthening coach-athlete interpersonal relationships in individual youth sport. Sports, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6030074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6030074
Owiti, S., & Hauw, D. (2021). The Problematic Experience of Players’ Mutations Between Clubs: Discovering the Social Adaptability Skills Required. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3(December), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.591438 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.591438
Raunig, T. A., & Coggins, P. E. (2018). What Intercollegiate Athletics Coaches Wish Faculty Knew: Implications for Curriculum and Instruction. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 7(1), 111. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v7n1p111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v7n1p111
Zhao, C., & Jowett, S. (2023). Before supporting athletes, evaluate your coach–athlete relationship: Exploring the link between coach leadership and coach–athlete relationship. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 18(3), 633-641. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221148113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221148113
Aydınlar, A., Mavi, A., Kütükçü, E., Kırımlı, E. E., Alış, D., Akın, A., & Altıntaş, L. (2024). Awareness and level of digital literacy among students receiving health-based education. BMC Medical Education, 24(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05025-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05025-w
Munikrishnan, U. T., Mamun, A. Al, Xin, N. K. S., Chian, H. S., & Naznen, F. (2024). Modelling the intention and adoption of cashless payment methods among the young adults in Malaysia. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 15(2), 374-395. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-04-2022-0077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-04-2022-0077
Mire, A., Heintz, E. C., & Foreman, J. J. (2021). The Effect of Coach Gender on Competitive Weightlifting Performance for Men and Women Weightlifters. Frontiers in Sociology, 5(February), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.539566 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.539566
Swim, N., Green, E. R., Hums, M. A., Bower, G. G., & Walker, K. B. (2022). Is Same-Gender Mentorship Important for Division III Female College Athletes?: An Application of the Mentor Role Theory. Journal of Athlete Development and Experience, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.25035/jade.04.01.08 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25035/jade.04.01.08
Sandström, E., Linnér, L., & Stambulova, N. (2016). Career profiles of athlete-coach relationships: Descriptions and interpretations. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 11(3), 395-409. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954116645012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954116645012
Davis, L., Appleby, R., Davis, P., Wetherell, M., & Gustafsson, H. (2018). The role of coach-athlete relationship quality in team sport athletes’ psychophysiological exhaustion: implications for physical and cognitive performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(17), 1985-1992. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1429176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1429176
Karapanos, E., Gouveia, R., Hassenzahl, M., & Forlizzi, J. (2016). Wellbeing in the Making: Peoples’ Experiences with Wearable Activity Trackers. Psychology of Well-Being, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13612-016-0042-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13612-016-0042-6
Jackson, B., Knapp, P., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2009). The coach-athlete relationship: A tripartite efficacy perspective. Sport Psychologist, 23(2), 203-232. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.2.203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.2.203
Bennie, A., & O’Connor, D. (2012). Coach-athlete Relationships: A Qualitative Study of Professional Sport Teams in Australia. International Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(0), 58-64. https://doi.org/10.5432/ijshs.201208 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5432/ijshs.201208
Vigário, P., Teixeira, A., & Mendes, F. (2020). Coach-athlete dyad: Perception of psychosocial and environmental factors in the relationship - A case study. Retos, 37, 666-672. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.74412
Miller, M. J., Franken, N., & Kiefer, K. (2007). Exploring Touch Communication Between Coaches and Athletes. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 7(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/20797222.2007.11433953 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20797222.2007.11433953
Simons, E. E., & Bird, M. D. (2022). Coach-athlete relationship, social support, and sport-related psychological well-being in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/19357397.2022.2060703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19357397.2022.2060703
Lisinskiene, A., & Lochbaum, M. (2022). The Coach–Athlete–Parent Relationship: The Importance of the Sex, Sport Type, and Family Composition. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084821 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084821
Roşca, V. (2010). The coach-athlete communication process: Towards a better human resources management in sport. Management Research and Practice, 2(3), 275-283.
Cushion, C., Ford, P. R., & Williams, A. M. (2012). Coach behaviours and practice structures in youth soccer: Implications for talent development. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(15), 1631-1641. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.721930 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.721930
Davis, L., Brown, D. J., Arnold, R., & Gustafsson, H. (2021). Thriving Through Relationships in Sport: The Role of the Parent–Athlete and Coach–Athlete Attachment Relationship. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694599 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694599
Baker, J., Côté, J., & Hawes, R. (2000). The relationship between coaching behaviours and sport anxiety in athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 3(2), 110-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1440-2440(00)80073-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1440-2440(00)80073-0
Gencer, E. (2021). The Relationship between Self-Esteem, Satisfaction with Life and Coach-Athlete Relationship. Journal of Educational Issues, 6(2), 493-505. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v6i2.18028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v6i2.18028
Fikri, A., Kassim, M., Maizatul, N., Jamal, A., Shahbudin, S., Omar, S., Kamal, H., Anuar, N. A., Syukri, M., & Zakaria, C. (2024). Coach-Athlete Relationship, Trust and Confidence Among Team Sport Athletes. Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation, 20(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.24191/mjssr.v20i1.1094
Cronin, L., Ellison, P., Allen, J., Huntley, E., Johnson, L., Kosteli, M. C., Hollis, A., & Marchant, D. (2022). A self-determination theory based investigation of life skills development in youth sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(8), 886-898. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2028507 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2028507
Erickson, K., Côté, J., Hollenstein, T., & Deakin, J. (2011). Examining coach-athlete interactions using state space grids: An observational analysis in competitive youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(6), 645-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.06.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.06.006
Holland, M. J. G., Woodcock, C., Cumming, J., & Duda, J. L. (2010). Mental qualities and employed mental techniques of young elite team sport athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(1), 19-38. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.4.1.19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.4.1.19
Smith, K., Burns, C., O’Neill, C., Duggan, J. D., Winkelman, N., Wilkie, M., & Coughlan, E. K. (2023). How to coach: A review of theoretical approaches for the development of a novel coach education framework. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 18(2), 594-608. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221136222 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221136222
Pandini, D. M. C. I., & Widodo, A. (2021). Kepercayaan Diri Atlet: a Literature Review. SATRIA: Journal of Sports Athleticism in Teaching and Recreation on Interdisciplinary Analysis, 4(1), 5-13.
Purnomo, E., Marheni, E., & Jermaina, N. (2020). Tingkat Kepercayaan Diri Atlet Remaja. JOSEPHA Journal of Sport Science and Physical Education, 1(2), 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.38114/josepha.v1i2.86
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains. Canadian Psychology, 49(1), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.14
Myer, G. D., Jayanthi, N., DiFiori, J. P., Faigenbaum, A. D., Kiefer, A. W., Logerstedt, D., & Micheli, L. J. (2016). Sports Specialization, Part II: Alternative Solutions to Early Sport Specialization in Youth Athletes. Sports Health, 8(1), 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738115614811 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738115614811
Stambulova, N. B., Ryba, T. V., & Henriksen, K. (2021). Career development and transitions of athletes: the International Society of Sport Psychology Position Stand Revisited. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(4), 524-550. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1737836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1737836
LaVoi, N. M. (2007). Expanding the Interpersonal Dimension: Closeness in the Coach-Athlete Relationship: A Response to the Commentary by Sophia Jowett. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2(4), 519-521. https://doi.org/10.1260/174795407783359704 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1260/174795407783359704
Santos, F., Camiré, M., & MacDonald, D. J. (2018). Lived experiences within a longstanding coach-athlete relationship. The case of one paralympic athlete. Ágora Para La Educación Física y El Deporte, 20(2–3), 279-297. https://doi.org/10.24197/aefd.2-3.2018.279-297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24197/aefd.2-3.2018.279-297
Lent, R. W., & Lopez, F. G. (2002). Cognitive ties that bind: A tripartite view of efficacy beliefs in growth-promoting relationships. Journal of social and Clinical Psychology, 21(3), 256-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.21.3.256.22535
Jowett, Sophia. (2008). Moderator and mediator effects of the association between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and athletes’ physical self-concept. International Journal of Coaching Science, 2(1), 1-20.
Isoard-Gautheur, S., Trouilloud, D., Gustafsson, H., & Guillet-Descas, E. (2016). Associations between the perceived quality of the coach-athlete relationship and athlete burnout: An examination of the mediating role of achievement goals. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 210-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.003
Jowett, Sophia, Adie, J. W., Bartholomew, K. J., Yang, S. X., Gustafsson, H., & Lopez-Jiménez, A. (2017). Motivational processes in the coach-athlete relationship: A multi-cultural self-determination approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 32, 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.06.004
Marheni, E., Purnomo, E., & Intan Cahyani, F. (2019). The Role of Motivation in Increasing Achievement: Perspective Sports Psychology. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Sciences and Health 2018 (2nd ICSSH 2018). Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sports Sciences and Health 2018 (2nd ICSSH 2018), Malang, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/icssh-18.2019.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/icssh-18.2019.14
Sari, D. M., Fitryona, N., Purnomo, E., Ma’mun, A., Kusmaedi, N., Hendrayana, Y., Jermaina, N., & Amirudin, A. (2024). Integration of social values through sport. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 52, 144–153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v52.102459
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Eko Purnomo, Nina Jermaina, Alzet Rama, Nor Eeza Binti Zainal Abidin

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).

