Effect of Complex Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Power of Amateur Athletes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.1.09Keywords:
complex training, amateur, anaerobic power, aerobic powerAbstract
The study purpose was to investigate the effect of complex training on aerobic and anaerobic power of amateur athletes.
Materials and methods. The study included 30 amateur athletes in soccer and hockey, which were equally divided into two groups, namely an Experimental group who underwent 6 weeks of complex training along with regular training in their sports and a Control Group who only performed their regular sports training. Anaerobic power was assessed by Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) and aerobic power (VO₂max) was assessed by 12-min Cooper run/walk test. The study used the Pre-test Post-test Randomized Group Design, and Paired t-test was used as the statistical technique for data analysis at a significance level of 0.05.
Results. At the end of six weeks, the Experimental group showed significant improvement in anaerobic power and VO₂max, while only VO₂max was improved in the Control group (p<0.05). No significant improvement was observed in anaerobic power for the Control group (p>0.06). Therefore, this shows that complex training has significant effect on anaerobic power, while it does not produce significant improvements in aerobic power.
Conclusions. Six weeks of complex training integrated with regular sports training can improve anaerobic power. Coaches and athletes, specifically in soccer and hockey, can implement the complex training program in their regular training.
Downloads
References
Faude, O., Roth, R., Di Giovine, D., Zahner, L., & Donath, L. (2013). Combined strength and power training in high level amateur football during the competitive season: a randomised-controlled trial. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(13), 1460-1467. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.796065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.796065
Hammami, M., Negra, Y., Shephard, R. J., & Chelly, M. S. (2017). The effect of standard strength vs. contrast strength training on the development of sprint, agility, repeated change of direction, and jump in junior male soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(4), 901-912. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001815 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001815
Ebben, W.P., & Blackard, D.O. (1997). Complex training with combined explosive weight training and plyometric exercises. Olympic Coach, 7, 11-12.
Fleck, Dr. S., & Kontor, K. (1986). Soviet strength and conditioning: Complex training. National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal, 8(5), 66. https://doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1986)008<0066:CT>2.3.CO;2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1986)008<0066:CT>2.3.CO;2
Docherty, D., Robbins, D., & Hodgson, M. (2004). Complex Training Revisited: A Review of its Current Status as a Viable Training Approach. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 26(6), 52-57. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200412000-00011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200412000-00011
Christopher, J. et al. (2012). A Comparison of the Effects of 6 weeks of Traditional Resistance Training, Plyometric Training and Complex Training on Measures of Strength and Anthropometrics. Journal of Strength and Conditioning, 26(2), 422-431. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e318220df79 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318220df79
Wallenta, C. et al. (2016). Effects of Complex versus Block Strength training on the athletic performance of elite youth soccer players. Sportverl Sportschad, 30, 31-37.
Alves, J.M.V.M. et al. (2010). Short-term effects of complex and contrast training in soccer players vertical jump, sprint and agility abilities. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(4), 936-941. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c7c5fd DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c7c5fd
Modric, T., Versic, S., & Sekulic, D. (2020). Aerobic fitness and game performance indicators in professional football players; playing position specifics and associations. Heliyon, 6(11), e05427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05427 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05427
Reilly, T., Bangsbo, J., & Franks, A. (2000). Anthropometric and physiological predispositions for elite soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(9), 669-683. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410050120050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410050120050
Wagner, P. D. (1996). Determinants of maximal oxygen transport and utilization. Annual Review of Physiology, 58(1), 21-50. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.58.030196.000321 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.58.030196.000321
Slimani, M., Znazen, H., Miarka, B., & Bragazzi, N. L. (2019). Maximum oxygen uptake of male soccer players according to their competitive level, playing position and age group: Implication from a network meta-analysis. Journal of Human Kinetics, 66(1), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.2478/ hukin-2018-0060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0060
Green, Simon (1994). A definition and systems view of anaerobic capacity. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 69, 168-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00609411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00609411
Ramirez-Campillo, R., Andrade, D. C., Garcia-Pinillos, F., Negra, Y., Boullosa, D., & Moran, J. (2021). Effects of jump training on physical fitness and athletic performance in endurance runners: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(18), 2030-2050. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1916261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1916261
Thapa, R.K., Narvariya, P., Weldon, A., Talukdar, K., & Ramirez-Campillo, R. (2022). Can complex contrast training interventions improve aerobic endurance, maximal strength, and repeated sprint ability in soccer players? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 11(2), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.220906 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.220906
Ingle, L., Sleap, M., & Tolfrey, K. (2006). The effect of a complex training and detraining programme on selected strength and power variables in early pubertal boys. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(9), 987-997. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457117
Perez-Gomez, J., Olmedillas, H., Delgado-Guerra, S., Royo, I. A., Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Ortiz, R. A., Chavarren, J., & Calbet, J. A. L. (2008). Effects of weight lifting training combined with plyometric exercises on physical fitness, body composition, and knee extension velocity during kicking in football. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 33(3), 501-510. https://doi.org/10.1139/H08-026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/H08-026
Andrade, V., Zagatto, A., Kalva-Filho, C., Mendes, O., Gobatto, C., Campos, E., & Papoti, M. (2015). Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test as a Procedure to Evaluate Anaerobic Power. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(14), 1156-1162. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1555935 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1555935
Zagatto, A. M., Beck, W. R., & Gobatto, C. A. (2009). Validity of the Running Anaerobic Sprint Test for Assessing Anaerobic Power and Predicting Short-Distance Performances. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(6), 1820-1827. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3df32 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3df32
Cooper, K. H. (1968). A Means of Assessing Maximal Oxygen Intake: Correlation Between Field and Treadmill Testing. JAMA, 203(3), 201. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1968.03140030033008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1968.03140030033008
Beattie, K., Carson, B. P., Lyons, M., Rossiter, A., & Kenny, I. C. (2017). The Effect of Strength Training on Performance Indicators in Distance Runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(1), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001464
Ferrauti, A., Bergermann, M., & Fernandez-Fernandez, J. (2010). Effects of a Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training on Running Performance and Running Economy in Recreational Marathon Runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(10), 2770-2778. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d64e9c DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d64e9c
Pellegrino, J., Ruby, B. C., & Dumke, C. L. (2016). Effect of Plyometrics on the Energy Cost of Running and MHC and Titin Isoforms. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(1), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000747
Mikkola, J., Vesterinen, V., Taipale, R., Capostagno, B., Häkkinen, K., & Nummela, A. (2011). Effect of resistance training regimens on treadmill running and neuromuscular performance in recreational endurance runners. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(13), 1359-1371. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.589467 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.589467
Ramírez-Campillo, R., Alvarez, C., Henríquez-Olguín, C., Baez, E. B., Martínez, C., Andrade, D. C., & Izquierdo, M. (2014). Effects of plyometric training on endurance and explosive strength performance in competitive middle- and long distance runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(1), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a1f44c DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a1f44c
Blagrove, R. C., Howatson, G., & Hayes, P. R. (2018). Use of loaded conditioning activities to potentiate middle- and long-distance performance: a narrative review and practical applications. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(8), 2288-2297. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002456
Guglielmo, L., Greco, C., & Denadai, B. (2009). Effects of Strength Training on Running Economy. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(01), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038792 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038792
Jung, A.P. (2003). The impact of resistance training on distance running performance. Sports Med, 33, 539-552. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333070-00005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333070-00005
Laursen, P. B., Chiswell, S. E., & Callaghan, J. A. (2005). Should Endurance Athletes Supplement Their Training Program With Resistance Training to Improve Performance? Strength and Conditioning Journal, 27(5), 50-55. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200510000-00008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200510000-00008
Sunde, A., Storen, O., Bjerkass, M., Larsen, M.H., Hoff, J., & Helgerud, J. (2010). Maximal strength training improves cycling economy in competitive cyclists. J Strength Cond Res, 24, 2157-2165. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181aeb16a DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181aeb16a
Millet, G. P., Jaouen, B., Borrani, F., & Candau, R. (2002). Effects of concurrent endurance and strength training on running economy and VO2 kinetics. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(8), 1351–1359. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200208000-00018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200208000-00018
Paavolainen, L., Häkkinen, K., Hämäläinen, I., Nummela, A., & Rusko, H. (1999). Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. Journal of Applied Physiology, 86(5), 1527-1533. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.5.1527 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.5.1527
Taipale, R., Mikkola, J., Nummela, A., Vesterinen, V., Capostagno, B., Walker, S., Gitonga, D., Kraemer, W., & Häkkinen, K. (2010). Strength Training in Endurance Runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(07), 468–476. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1243639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1243639
Carter, J., & Greenwood, M. (2014). Complex Training Reexamined: Review and Recommendations to Improve Strength and Power. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 36(2), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000036
Blagrove, R. C., Howatson, G., & Hayes, P. R. (2019). Use of Loaded Conditioning Activities to Potentiate Middle- and Long-Distance Performance: A Narrative Review and Practical Applications. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(8), 2288-2297. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002456
Tillin, N.A., & Bishop, D. (2009). Factors modulating post-activation potentiation and its effect on performance of subsequent explosive activities. Sports Medicine, 39, 147-166. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939020-00004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939020-00004
Beattie, K., Kenny, I.C., Lyons, M., & Carson, B.P. (2014). The effect of strength training on performance in endurance athletes. Sports Medicine, 44, 845-865. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0157-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0157-y
Li, F., Wang, R., Newton, R. U., Sutton, D., Shi, Y., & Ding, H. (2019). Effects of complex training versus heavy resistance training on neuromuscular adaptation, running economy and 5-km performance in well-trained distance runners. PeerJ, 7, e6787. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6787 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6787
Sporiš, G., Jovanović, M., Krakan, I., & Fiorentini, F. (2011). Effects of strength training on aerobic and anaerobic power in female soccer players. Sport science, 4(2), 32-37.
Gettman, L. R., & Pollock, M. L. (1981). Circuit Weight Training: A Critical Review of Its Physiological Benefits. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 9(1), 44-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1981.11710988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1981.11710988
Hickson, R. C. (1980). Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 45(2-3), 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421333
Hurley, B. F., Seals, D. R., Ehsani, A. A., Cartier, L. J., Dalsky, G. P., Hagberg, J. M., & Holloszy, J. O. (1984). Effects of high-intensity strength training on cardiovascular function. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 16(5), 483-488. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198410000-00011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198410000-00011
Karsten, B., Stevens, L., Colpus, M., Larumbe-Zabala, E., & Naclerio, F. (2016). The Effects of Sport-Specific Maximal Strength and Conditioning Training on Critical Velocity, Anaerobic Running Distance, and 5-km Race Performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11(1), 80-85. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0559
Vikmoen, O., Raastad, T., Seynnes, O., et al. (2016). Effects of heavy strength training on running performance and determinants of running performance in female endurance athletes. PLoS One, 11(3), e0150799. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150799 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150799
Giovanelli, N., Taboga, P., Rejc, E., & Lazzer, S. (2017). Effects of strength, explosive and plyometric training on energy cost of running in ultra-endurance athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(7), 805–813. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1305454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1305454
Johnson, R. E., Quinn, T. J., Kertzer, R., & Vroman, N. B. (1997). Strength training in female distance runners: impact on running economy. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 11(4), 224-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-199711000-00004
Biçer, M. (2021). The effect of an eight-week strength training program supported with functional sports equipment on male volleyball players’ anaerobic and aerobic power. Science & Sports, 36(2), 137.e1-137.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2020.02.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2020.02.006
Ingle, L. et al. (2006). The effect of a complex training and detraining programme on selected strength and power variables in early pubertal boys. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(9), 987-997. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457117
Docherty, D., Wenger, H. A., & Collis, M. L. (1987). The effects of resistance training on aerobic and anaerobic power of young boys. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19, 389-392. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198708000-00011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198708000-00011
Mahon, A. D. (2000). Exercise training. In N. Armstrong & W. Van Mechelen (Eds.), Paediatric exercise science and medicine. (pp. 201-222). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Ozmun, J. C., Mikesky, A. E., & Surburg, P. R. (1994). Neuromuscular adaptations following prepubescent strength training, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26, 510-514. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199404000-00017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199404000-00017
Chu, D. A. (1996). Explosive power and strength: Complex training for maximum results (pp. 9–14). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Ozaki, H., Loenneke, J. P., Thiebaud, R. S., & Abe, T. (2013). Resistance training induced increase in VO2max in young and older subjects. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 10(2), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11556-013-0120-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11556-013-0120-1
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Gopal Kumar, Vivek Pandey
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
