The Validity and Reliability of the Physical Activity Questionnaires (PAQ-A) among Indonesian Adolescents during Online and Blended Learning Schooling
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.2.04Keywords:
validity, reliability, physical activity questionnaire, adolescents, IndonesiaAbstract
Research objectives. This study aimed to validate the use of the Physical Activity Questionnaire Adolescent (PAQ-A), a physical activity instrument widely used in a school setting, among Indonesian adolescents, particularly during blended learning or online schooling due to COVID-19 restrictions.
Materials and methods. This study was a cross-sectional survey of 370 Indonesian adolescents (62.2% female, mean 15±2 years) participating in online and blended learning. Participants completed the Indonesian version of the PAQ-A online. Sixty-three (17%) participants completed the same questionnaire one week later (second survey) for the test-retest reliability, from which the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. Internal consistency reliability was calculated in both surveys, while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was analyzed from the data in the first survey.
Results. The Cronbach alpha of the PAQ-A for the first and second surveys was 0.78 and 0.82, thus indicating the acceptability of internal consistency reliability. The ICC for all PAQ-A items ranged from 0.40 to 0.81, indicating fair to excellent test and retest reliability. The root means square error of approximation was 0.033 suggesting acceptable construct validity of the instrument.
Conclusions. In conclusion, sufficient evidence shows the validity and reliability of the PAQ-A to justify the use of the questionnaires for measuring physical activity levels in the Indonesian adolescents in the blended learning or online schooling setting.
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References
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Aggio, D., Fairclough, S., Knowles, Z., & Graves. L. (2016). Validity and reliability of a modified English version of the physical activity questionnaire for adolescent. Archives of Public Health, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-016-0115-2
Wyszyńska, J., Matłosz, P., Bednarz, J.P., Herbert, J., Przednowek, K., Baran, J., Dereń, K., & Mazur, A. (2019). Adaptation and validation of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) among Polish adolescents: cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030567
Polat, E.A., Nevin, A., Guzel, & Kafa, N. (2021). Reliability, validity and cross-cultural adaptation of the Turkish version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 32(2), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.21653/tjpr.735276
Koh, D., Zainudin, N.H., & Zawi, M.K. (2020). Validity and reliability of the modified Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) among Malaysian Youth. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 8(6), 355-360. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2020.080606
Andarge, E., Trevethan, R., & Fikadu. (2021). Assessing the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ–A): Specific and General Insights from an Ethiopian Context. Biomed Research International, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5511728
Pratanaphon, S., Longlalerng, K., Jitmana, J., Chaikla, K., Nankanya, T., Pirunsan, U., & Boontha, N. (2020). Content validity and psychometric characteristics of the Thai translated version of the physical activity questionnaire for children (PAQ-C) and adolescents (PAQ-A). Journal of Associated Medical Sciences, 53(3), 84-91.
Sharma, B.A. (2016). Focus on reliability in developmental research through Cronbach’s Alpha among medical, dental, and paramedical professionals. Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences, 3(4), 271-8. https://doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2016.3.4.43
Schreiber, J.B., Nora, A., Stage, F.K., Barlow, E.A., & King. J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of education research, 99(6), 323-38.
https://doi.org/10.3200/joer.99.6.323-338
MacCallum, R.C., Brown, M.W., & Sugawara. H.M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological methods, 1(2), 130. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.130
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Shevlin, M., & Miles. J.N. (1998). Effect of sample size, model specification and factor loadings on the GFI in confirmatory factor analysis. Personality and individual differences, 25(1), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00055-5
Joreskog, K.G., & Sorbom, D. (1993). Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software international.
Cuberek, R., Janikova, M., & Dygryn. J. (2021). Adaptation and validation of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) among Czech children.PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0245256. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245256
Johnson, F., Wardle, J., & Griffith. J. (2002). The Adolescent Food Habits Checklist: reliability and validity of a measure of healthy eating behavior in adolescents. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56, 644-649. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601371
Jackson, D.L (2003). Revisiting sample size and number of parameter estimates: Some support for the N:q hypothesis. Structural equation modeling, 10(1), 128-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1001_6
Erwin, H., Fedewa, A., Beighle, A., & Ahn, S. (2012). A quantitative review of physical activity, health, and learning outcomes associated with classroom-based physical activity interventions. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 28(1), 14-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377903.2012.643755
World Health Organization. (2018). Global action plan on physical activity 2018-2030: More active people for a healthier world. Geneva: World Health Organization, licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Chooi, Y.C., Ding, C., & Magkos, F. (2019). The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental, 92, 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.09.005.2019
Badr, H.E., Lakha, F., & Pennefather, P. (2017). Differences in physical activity, eating habits and risk of obesity among Kuwaiti adolescent boys and girls: A population-based study. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2016-0138
Choukem, S.P., Tochie, J.N., Sibetcheu, A.T., Nansseu, J.R., & Shield, J.P.H. (2020). Overweight/obesity and associated cardiovascular risk factors in sub-Saharan African children and adolescents: A scoping review. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 6, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13633-020-0076-7
Geidl, W., Schlesinger, S., Mino, E., Miranda, L., & Pfeifer. K. (2020). Dose-response relationship between physical activity and mortality in adults with non-communicable diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(109), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01007-5
Kinlen, D. Cody, D., & Shea. D.O. (2018). Complications of obesity. An International Journal of Medicine, 111(7), 437-443.
Longo, M., Zatterale, F., Naderi, J., Parrillo, L., Formisano, P., Raciti, G. A., Beguinot, F., & Miele, C. (2019). Adipose Tissue Dysfunction as Determinant of Obesity-Associated Metabolic Complications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(9), 2358. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092358
World Health Organization. (2020). The double burden of malnutrition: Priority actions on ending childhood obesity. New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. (2018). Riset kesehatan dasar. Jakarta. Health Research and Development Agency Republic of Indonesia, 310-566.
Ręgwelski, M., Lange, E., Głąbska, D., & Guzek, D. (2019). Analysis of the Influence of Age, BMI, and WHtR on Body Mass Acceptance, Attitudes, and Motivation towards Body Mass Reduction in Overweight and Obese Caucasian Women. Nutrients, 11(3), 542. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030542
Psaltopoulou, T., Tzanninis, S., Ntanasis-Stathopoulos, I., Panotopoulos, G., Kostopoulou, M., Tzanninis, I.-G., Tsagianni, A., & Sergentanis, T. N. (2019). Prevention and treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity: A systematic review of meta-analyses. World Journal of Pediatrics, 15(4), 350-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-019-00266-y
Chaudhry, U.A.R., Wahlich, C., Fortescue, R., Cook, D.G., Knightly, R., & Harris. T. (2020). The effects of step-count monitoring interventions on physical activity: systematic review and meta-analysis of communitybased randomised controlled trials in adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(129), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01020-8
Flodgren, G.M., Helleve, A., Lobstein, T., Rutter, H., & Klepp, K.I. (2020). Primary prevention of overweight and obesity in adolescents: An overview of systematic reviews. Obesity Reviews, 21, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13102
Keating, X.D., Zhou, K., Liu, X., Hodges, M., Liu, M., Guan, J., Phelps, A., & Pinero, J.C. (2019). Reliability and concurrent validity of Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ-A): A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214128
Kowalski, K.C., Crocker, P.R.E., & Kowalski, N.P. (1997). Convergent validity of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science, 9, 342- 352. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.9.4.342
Kowalski, K.C., Crocker, P.R.E., & Donen, R.M. (2004). The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-A-C) and Adolescents (PAQ-A) Manual. College of Kinesiology University of Saskatchewan, Canada, 11-12.
Aggio, D., Fairclough, S., Knowles, Z., & Graves. L. (2016). Validity and reliability of a modified English version of the physical activity questionnaire for adolescent. Archives of Public Health, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-016-0115-2
Wyszyńska, J., Matłosz, P., Bednarz, J.P., Herbert, J., Przednowek, K., Baran, J., Dereń, K., & Mazur, A. (2019). Adaptation and validation of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) among Polish adolescents: cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030567
Polat, E.A., Nevin, A., Guzel, & Kafa, N. (2021). Reliability, validity and cross-cultural adaptation of the Turkish version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 32(2), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.21653/tjpr.735276
Koh, D., Zainudin, N.H., & Zawi, M.K. (2020). Validity and reliability of the modified Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) among Malaysian Youth. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 8(6), 355-360. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2020.080606
Andarge, E., Trevethan, R., & Fikadu. (2021). Assessing the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ–A): Specific and General Insights from an Ethiopian Context. Biomed Research International, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5511728
Pratanaphon, S., Longlalerng, K., Jitmana, J., Chaikla, K., Nankanya, T., Pirunsan, U., & Boontha, N. (2020). Content validity and psychometric characteristics of the Thai translated version of the physical activity questionnaire for children (PAQ-C) and adolescents (PAQ-A). Journal of Associated Medical Sciences, 53(3), 84-91.
Sharma, B.A. (2016). Focus on reliability in developmental research through Cronbach’s Alpha among medical, dental, and paramedical professionals. Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences, 3(4), 271-8. https://doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2016.3.4.43
Schreiber, J.B., Nora, A., Stage, F.K., Barlow, E.A., & King. J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of education research, 99(6), 323-38.
https://doi.org/10.3200/joer.99.6.323-338
MacCallum, R.C., Brown, M.W., & Sugawara. H.M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological methods, 1(2), 130. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.130
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Shevlin, M., & Miles. J.N. (1998). Effect of sample size, model specification and factor loadings on the GFI in confirmatory factor analysis. Personality and individual differences, 25(1), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00055-5
Joreskog, K.G., & Sorbom, D. (1993). Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software international.
Cuberek, R., Janikova, M., & Dygryn. J. (2021). Adaptation and validation of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) among Czech children.PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0245256. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245256
Johnson, F., Wardle, J., & Griffith. J. (2002). The Adolescent Food Habits Checklist: reliability and validity of a measure of healthy eating behavior in adolescents. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56, 644-649. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601371
Jackson, D.L (2003). Revisiting sample size and number of parameter estimates: Some support for the N:q hypothesis. Structural equation modeling, 10(1), 128-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1001_6
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Published
2022-06-25
How to Cite
Rahayu, A., Sumaryanti, S., & Arovah, N. I. (2022). The Validity and Reliability of the Physical Activity Questionnaires (PAQ-A) among Indonesian Adolescents during Online and Blended Learning Schooling. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(2), 173–179. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.2.04
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