High Intensity Intermittent Exercise Plays a Role in Improving Brain Activation During Complex Executive Functional Tasks
Keywords:
HIIE, fNIRS, prefrontal cortex, Colour Word Stroop test, cognition
Abstract
Several neuroimaging studies have examined the effect of different types and combinations of exercises on activation of brain associated with cognitive testing but none of these studies have examined the role of high intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) in altering cortical activation from simple to complex cognitive tasks.
The purpose of this study was to find if HIIE has a role in modulating executive functions related to inhibitory control as expressed by changes in prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation.
Materials and methods. 40 healthy adults aged between 18-30 years volunteered for the study. They were randomly divided into HIIE a (n = 20) group and a control (n = 20) group. The HIIE group performed 4*4 min of high intensity exercise on a cycle ergometer with 3 minutes of active recovery at lower intensities between the bouts, whereas the control group performed no exercise. Prefrontal hemodynamics (oxy and deoxy haemoglobin) were assessed using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during the Colour Word Stroop test (CWST) on two sessions: pre-session and post-session (1 week after pre-session).
Results. The results indicate a significant difference in CWST scores which coincided with a significant difference in hemodynamics of PFC between a congruent and a complex incongruent task in the HIIE group. There was a greater activation of the right frontopolar area, the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and the left frontopolar area during the incongruent task in response to acute HIIE.
Conclusion. HIIE plays a role in changing brain activation during more complex interference related tasks.
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References
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Hashimoto, T., Tsukamoto, H., Takenaka, S., Olesen, N. D., Petersen, L. G., Sørensen, H., Nielsen, H. B., Secher, N. H., & Ogoh, S. (2018). Maintained exercise-enhanced brain executive function related to cerebral lactate metabolism in men. The FASEB Journal, 32(3), 1417-1427. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201700381RR
Tsukamoto, H., Suga, T., Takenaka, S., Tanaka, D., Takeuchi, T., Hamaoka, T., Isaka, T., & Hashimoto, T. (2016). Greater impact of acute high-intensity interval exercise on post-exercise executive function compared to moderate-intensity continuous exercise. Physiology and Behavior, 155, 224-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.021
Tsukamoto, H., Takenaka, S., Suga, T., Tanaka, D., Takeuchi, T., Hamaoka, T., Isaka, T., & Hashimoto, T. (2017). Effect of Exercise Intensity and Duration on Postexercise Executive Function. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 49(4), 774-784. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001155
Tsujii, T., Komatsu, K., & Sakatani, K. (2013). Acute effects of physical exercise on prefrontal cortex activity in older adults: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. In Oxygen transport to tissue XXXIV (pp. 293-298). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4989-8_41
Yanagisawa, H., Dan, I., Tsuzuki, D., Kato, M., Okamoto, M., Kyutoku, Y., & Soya, H. (2010). Acute moderate exercise elicits increased dorsolateral prefrontal activation and improves cognitive performance with Stroop test. NeuroImage, 50(4), 1702-1710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.023
Martinsen, S., Flodin, P., Berrebi, J., Löfgren, M., Bileviciute-Ljungar, I., Mannerkorpi, K., Ingvar, M., Fransson, P., & Kosek, E. (2018). The role of long-term physical exercise on performance and brain activation during the Stroop colour word task in fibromyalgia patients. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 38(3), 508-516. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12449
Scarpina, F., & Tagini, S. (2017). The stroopcolor and word test. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 557. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00557
Floden, D., Vallesi, A., & Stuss, D. T. (2011). Task context and frontal lobe activation in the Stroop task. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(4), 867-879. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21492
Moriguchi, Y., & Hiraki, K. (2013). Prefrontal cortex and executive function in young children: a review of NIRS studies. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 7, 867. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00867
Byun, K., Hyodo, K., Suwabe, K., Ochi, G., Sakairi, Y., Kato, M., Dan, I., & Soya, H. (2014). Positive effect of acute mild exercise on executive function via arousal-related prefrontal activations: An fNIRS study. NeuroImage, 98, 336-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.067
Dalsgaard, M. K., Ide, K., Cai, Y., Quistorff, B., & Secher, N. H. (2002). The intent to exercise influences the cerebral O2/carbohydrate uptake ratio in humans. The Journal of physiology, 540(2), 681-689.during exercise. Sports Med., 37, 765-782. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013062
Endo, K., Matsukawa, K., Liang, N., Nakatsuka, C., Tsuchimochi, H., Okamura, H., & Hamaoka, T. (2013). Dynamic exercise improves cognitive function in association with increased prefrontal oxygenation. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 63(4), 287-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12576-013-0267-6
Cooper, C. J. (1973). Anatomical and physiological mechanisms of arousal, with special reference to the effects of exercise. Ergonomics, 16(5), 601-609. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140137308924551
Helgerud, J., Høydal, K., Wang, E., Karlsen, T., Berg, P., Bjerkaas, M., & Hoff, J. (2007). Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve V˙ O2max more than moderate training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(4), 665-671. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180304570
Kravitz, L. (2014). ACSM information on High Intensity Intermittent Training. Retrieved from https://www.acsm.org/docs/default-source/files-for-resource-library/high-intensity-interval-training.pdf?sfvrsn=b0f72be62
Burn, N., & Niven, A. (2019). Why do they do (h) it? Using self-determination theory to understand why people start and continue to do high-intensity interval training group exercise classes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(5), 537-551. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2017.1421682
Kujach, S., Byun, K., Hyodo, K., Suwabe, K., Fukuie, T., Laskowski, R., Dan, I., & Soya, H. (2018). A transferable high-intensity intermittent exercise improves executive performance in association with dorsolateral prefrontal activation in young adults. NeuroImage, 169, 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.003
Fox, K. C., Nijeboer, S., Solomonova, E., Domhoff, G. W., & Christoff, K. (2013). Dreaming as mind wandering: evidence from functional neuroimaging and first-person content reports. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 7, 412. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00412
McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (2010). Exercise physiology: nutrition, energy, and human performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Kalia, V., Vishwanath, K., Knauft, K., Vellen, B. V. D., Luebbe, A., & Williams, A. (2018). Acute Stress Attenuates Cognitive Flexibility in Males Only: An fNIRS Examination. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2084. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02084
Tak, S., & Ye, J. C. (2014). Statistical analysis of fNIRS data: a comprehensive review. Neuroimage, 85, 72-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.016
Jahani, S., Fantana, A. L., Harper, D., Ellison, J. M., Boas, D. A., Forester, B. P., & Yücel, M. A. (2017). FNIRS can robustly measure brain activity during memory encoding and retrieval in healthy subjects. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 9533. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09868-w
Cope, M., & Delpy, D. T. (1988). System for long-term measurement of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation on newborn infants by near infra-red transillumination. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 26(3), 289-294. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02447083
Lambrick, D., Stoner, L., Grigg, R., & Faulkner, J. (2016). Effects of continuous and intermittent exercise on executive function in children aged 8–10 years. Psychophysiology, 53(9), 1335-1342. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12688
Herold, F., Wiegel, P., Scholkmann, F., & Müller, N. (2018). Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Neuroimaging in Exercise–Cognition Science: A Systematic, Methodology-Focused Review. Journal of clinical medicine, 7(12), 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7120466
Seidel, O., Carius, D., Roediger, J., Rumpf, S., & Ragert, P. (2019). Changes in neurovascular coupling during cycling exercise measured by multi-distance fNIRS: a comparison between endurance athletes and physically active controls. Experimental brain research, 237(11), 2957-2972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05646-4
Basso, J. C., & Suzuki, W. A. (2017). The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: A review. Brain Plasticity, 2(2), 127-152. https://doi.org/10.3233/BPL-160040
Bae, S., & Masaki, H. (2019). Effects of acute aerobic exercise on cognitive flexibility required during task-switching paradigm. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 13, 260. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00260
Querido, J. S., & Sheel, A. W. (2007). Regulation of cerebral blood flow during exercise. Sports medicine, 37(9), 765-782. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737090-00002
Pontifex, M. B., Hillman, C. H., & Polich, J. (2009b). Age, physical fitness, and attention: P3a and P3b. Psychophysiology, 46, 379-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00782.x
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.022
Chang, Y. K., Labban, J. D., Gapin, J. I., & Etnier, J. L. (2012). The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Brain research, 1453, 87-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.068
Bediz, C. S., Oniz, A., Guducu, C., Ural Demirci, E., Ogut, H., Gunay, E., Cetinkaya, C., & Ozgoren, M. (2016). Acute Supramaximal Exercise Increases the Brain Oxygenation in Relation to Cognitive Workload. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 174. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00174
Hashimoto, T., Tsukamoto, H., Takenaka, S., Olesen, N. D., Petersen, L. G., Sørensen, H., Nielsen, H. B., Secher, N. H., & Ogoh, S. (2018). Maintained exercise-enhanced brain executive function related to cerebral lactate metabolism in men. The FASEB Journal, 32(3), 1417-1427. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201700381RR
Tsukamoto, H., Suga, T., Takenaka, S., Tanaka, D., Takeuchi, T., Hamaoka, T., Isaka, T., & Hashimoto, T. (2016). Greater impact of acute high-intensity interval exercise on post-exercise executive function compared to moderate-intensity continuous exercise. Physiology and Behavior, 155, 224-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.021
Tsukamoto, H., Takenaka, S., Suga, T., Tanaka, D., Takeuchi, T., Hamaoka, T., Isaka, T., & Hashimoto, T. (2017). Effect of Exercise Intensity and Duration on Postexercise Executive Function. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 49(4), 774-784. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001155
Tsujii, T., Komatsu, K., & Sakatani, K. (2013). Acute effects of physical exercise on prefrontal cortex activity in older adults: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. In Oxygen transport to tissue XXXIV (pp. 293-298). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4989-8_41
Yanagisawa, H., Dan, I., Tsuzuki, D., Kato, M., Okamoto, M., Kyutoku, Y., & Soya, H. (2010). Acute moderate exercise elicits increased dorsolateral prefrontal activation and improves cognitive performance with Stroop test. NeuroImage, 50(4), 1702-1710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.023
Martinsen, S., Flodin, P., Berrebi, J., Löfgren, M., Bileviciute-Ljungar, I., Mannerkorpi, K., Ingvar, M., Fransson, P., & Kosek, E. (2018). The role of long-term physical exercise on performance and brain activation during the Stroop colour word task in fibromyalgia patients. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 38(3), 508-516. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12449
Scarpina, F., & Tagini, S. (2017). The stroopcolor and word test. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 557. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00557
Floden, D., Vallesi, A., & Stuss, D. T. (2011). Task context and frontal lobe activation in the Stroop task. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(4), 867-879. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21492
Moriguchi, Y., & Hiraki, K. (2013). Prefrontal cortex and executive function in young children: a review of NIRS studies. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 7, 867. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00867
Byun, K., Hyodo, K., Suwabe, K., Ochi, G., Sakairi, Y., Kato, M., Dan, I., & Soya, H. (2014). Positive effect of acute mild exercise on executive function via arousal-related prefrontal activations: An fNIRS study. NeuroImage, 98, 336-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.067
Dalsgaard, M. K., Ide, K., Cai, Y., Quistorff, B., & Secher, N. H. (2002). The intent to exercise influences the cerebral O2/carbohydrate uptake ratio in humans. The Journal of physiology, 540(2), 681-689.during exercise. Sports Med., 37, 765-782. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013062
Endo, K., Matsukawa, K., Liang, N., Nakatsuka, C., Tsuchimochi, H., Okamura, H., & Hamaoka, T. (2013). Dynamic exercise improves cognitive function in association with increased prefrontal oxygenation. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 63(4), 287-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12576-013-0267-6
Cooper, C. J. (1973). Anatomical and physiological mechanisms of arousal, with special reference to the effects of exercise. Ergonomics, 16(5), 601-609. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140137308924551
Helgerud, J., Høydal, K., Wang, E., Karlsen, T., Berg, P., Bjerkaas, M., & Hoff, J. (2007). Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve V˙ O2max more than moderate training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(4), 665-671. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180304570
Kravitz, L. (2014). ACSM information on High Intensity Intermittent Training. Retrieved from https://www.acsm.org/docs/default-source/files-for-resource-library/high-intensity-interval-training.pdf?sfvrsn=b0f72be62
Burn, N., & Niven, A. (2019). Why do they do (h) it? Using self-determination theory to understand why people start and continue to do high-intensity interval training group exercise classes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(5), 537-551. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2017.1421682
Kujach, S., Byun, K., Hyodo, K., Suwabe, K., Fukuie, T., Laskowski, R., Dan, I., & Soya, H. (2018). A transferable high-intensity intermittent exercise improves executive performance in association with dorsolateral prefrontal activation in young adults. NeuroImage, 169, 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.003
Fox, K. C., Nijeboer, S., Solomonova, E., Domhoff, G. W., & Christoff, K. (2013). Dreaming as mind wandering: evidence from functional neuroimaging and first-person content reports. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 7, 412. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00412
McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (2010). Exercise physiology: nutrition, energy, and human performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Kalia, V., Vishwanath, K., Knauft, K., Vellen, B. V. D., Luebbe, A., & Williams, A. (2018). Acute Stress Attenuates Cognitive Flexibility in Males Only: An fNIRS Examination. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2084. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02084
Tak, S., & Ye, J. C. (2014). Statistical analysis of fNIRS data: a comprehensive review. Neuroimage, 85, 72-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.016
Jahani, S., Fantana, A. L., Harper, D., Ellison, J. M., Boas, D. A., Forester, B. P., & Yücel, M. A. (2017). FNIRS can robustly measure brain activity during memory encoding and retrieval in healthy subjects. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 9533. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09868-w
Cope, M., & Delpy, D. T. (1988). System for long-term measurement of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation on newborn infants by near infra-red transillumination. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 26(3), 289-294. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02447083
Lambrick, D., Stoner, L., Grigg, R., & Faulkner, J. (2016). Effects of continuous and intermittent exercise on executive function in children aged 8–10 years. Psychophysiology, 53(9), 1335-1342. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12688
Herold, F., Wiegel, P., Scholkmann, F., & Müller, N. (2018). Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Neuroimaging in Exercise–Cognition Science: A Systematic, Methodology-Focused Review. Journal of clinical medicine, 7(12), 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7120466
Seidel, O., Carius, D., Roediger, J., Rumpf, S., & Ragert, P. (2019). Changes in neurovascular coupling during cycling exercise measured by multi-distance fNIRS: a comparison between endurance athletes and physically active controls. Experimental brain research, 237(11), 2957-2972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05646-4
Basso, J. C., & Suzuki, W. A. (2017). The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: A review. Brain Plasticity, 2(2), 127-152. https://doi.org/10.3233/BPL-160040
Bae, S., & Masaki, H. (2019). Effects of acute aerobic exercise on cognitive flexibility required during task-switching paradigm. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 13, 260. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00260
Querido, J. S., & Sheel, A. W. (2007). Regulation of cerebral blood flow during exercise. Sports medicine, 37(9), 765-782. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737090-00002
Pontifex, M. B., Hillman, C. H., & Polich, J. (2009b). Age, physical fitness, and attention: P3a and P3b. Psychophysiology, 46, 379-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00782.x
Published
2021-03-25
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Shenoy, S., Khandekar, P., & Sathe, A. (2021). High Intensity Intermittent Exercise Plays a Role in Improving Brain Activation During Complex Executive Functional Tasks. Teorìâ Ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 21(1), 36-42. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2021.1.05
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