Combination Training Improves Leptin Regulation, Reduces Body Fat, and Increases Skeletal Muscle Mass in Obese Females
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2026.2.16Keywords:
body composition, combination training, leptin, muscle mass, obesityAbstract
Background. Leptin dysregulation and unfavorable body composition are central features of obesity in women. Although combined aerobic and resistance training is commonly prescribed to improve adiposity and muscle mass, evidence integrating changes in serum leptin concentration with detailed body composition outcomes in this population remains limited.
Objectives. The present randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the effects of an eight-week combined training intervention on leptin concentration, fat mass, and skeletal muscle mass in obese women.
Materials and Methods. Thirty obese women were allocated to either a combined training group or a non-exercising control group. The intervention consisted of moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise performed five times per week for eight weeks. Body composition included body fat percentages (BFP), fat mass (FM), Free Fat Mass (FFM) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis, and serum leptin concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pre–post and between–group differences were analyzed using parametric statistical tests (independent sample t test and paired t test) with a significance threshold of p < 0.05.
Results. Participants who completed the combined training program exhibited significant reductions in serum leptin concentration and adiposity indices (specifically BFP and FM), alongside significant increases in FFM and SMM, compared to the control group (p < 0.05).
Conclusions. Using short-term moderate-intensity combined aerobic and resistance training was associated with favorable changes in leptin concentration. These findings support the potential role of structured combination training as an exercise-based approach for improving metabolic and musculoskeletal profiles within the limits of the present study.
Downloads
References
GBD 2021 Adult BMI Collaborators (2025). Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet (London, England), 405(10481), 813-838. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00355-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00355-1
Martin, S.S., Aday, A.W., Allen, N.B., Almarzooq, Z.I., Anderson, C.A. M., Arora, P., Avery, C.L., Baker-Smith, C.M., Bansal, N., Beaton, A.Z., Commodore-Mensah, Y., Currie, M.E., Elkind, M.S. V., Fan, W., Generoso, G., Gibbs, B.B., Heard, D.G., Hiremath, S., Johansen, M.C., Kazi, D.S., … American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Committee (2025). 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 151(8), e41-e660. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001303 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001345
Decree of the Minister of Health (Kepmenkes). (2025). National Guidelines for Clinical Services for the Management of Adult Obesity. Jakarta: Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.
Sakers, A., De Siqueira, M.K., Seale, P., & Villanueva, C.J. (2022). Adipose-tissue plasticity in health and disease. Cell, 185(3), 419-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.016
Klein, S., Gastaldelli, A., Yki-Järvinen, H., & Scherer, P.E. (2022). Why does obesity cause diabetes?. Cell metabolism, 34(1), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.12.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.12.012
Lee, S.H., Park, S.Y., & Choi, C.S. (2022). Insulin Resistance: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies. Diabetes & metabolism journal, 46(1), 15-37. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0280
Fahed, G., Aoun, L., Bou Zerdan, M., Allam, S., Bou Zerdan, M., Bouferraa, Y., & Assi, H.I. (2022). Metabolic Syndrome: Updates on Pathophysiology and Management in 2021. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(2), 786. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020786
Donini, L.M., Busetto, L., Bischoff, S.C., Cederholm, T., Ballesteros-Pomar, M.D., Batsis, J.A., Bauer, J.M., Boirie, Y., Cruz-Jentoft, A.J., Dicker, D., Frara, S., Frühbeck, G., Genton, L., Gepner, Y., Giustina, A., Gonzalez, M.C., Han, H.S., Heymsfield, S.B., Higashiguchi, T., Laviano, A., … Barazzoni, R. (2022). Definition and Diagnostic Criteria for Sarcopenic Obesity: ESPEN and EASO Consensus Statement. Obesity facts, 15(3), 321-335. https://doi.org/10.1159/000521241 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000521241
Petermann-Rocha, F., Balntzi, V., Gray, S.R., Lara, J., Ho, F.K., Pell, J.P., & Celis-Morales, C. (2022). Global prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 13(1), 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12783 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12783
Yuan, S., & Larsson, S.C. (2023). Epidemiology of sarcopenia: Prevalence, risk factors, and consequences. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 144, 155533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155533 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155533
Rock, C.L., Thomson, C.A., Sullivan, K.R., Howe, C.L., Kushi, L.H., Caan, B.J., Neuhouser, M.L., Bandera, E.V., Wang, Y., Robien, K., Basen-Engquist, K.M., Brown, J.C., Courneya, K.S., Crane, T.E., Garcia, D.O., Grant, B.L., Hamilton, K.K., Hartman, S.J., Kenfield, S.A., Martinez, M.E., … McCullough, M.L. (2022). American Cancer Society nutrition and physical activity guideline for cancer survivors. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 72(3), 230-262. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21719
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2025). 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes care, 48(1 Suppl 1), S27-S49. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-S002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-S002
Rejeki, P.S., Pranoto, A., Rahmanto, I., Izzatunnisa, N., Yosika, G.F., Hernaningsih, Y., Wungu, C.D. K., & Halim, S. (2023). The Positive Effect of Four-Week Combined Aerobic-Resistance Training on Body Composition and Adipokine Levels in Obese Females. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 11(4), 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11040090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11040090
Oh, D.H., & Lee, J.K. (2023). Effect of Different Intensities of Aerobic Exercise Combined with Resistance Exercise on Body Fat, Lipid Profiles, and Adipokines in Middle-Aged Women with Obesity. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(5), 3991. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053991 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053991
Sugiharto, Rejeki, P.S., Lesmana, R., Merawati, D., Susanto, H., Taufiq, A., Widyatama, F.S., Amelia, D., & Pranoto, A. (2024). Effect of combined aerobic-resistance training on regulating adipokine levels among obese females. Comparative Exercise Physiology, 20(3), 231-242. https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20231010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20231010
Hejazi, K., & Wong, A. (2023). Effects of exercise training on inflammatory and cardiometabolic health markers in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 63(2), 345-359. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.22.14103-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.22.14103-4
Tan, L., Yan, W., Zhang, B., Zhao, Z., Lipowski, M., & Ossowski, Z. (2024). Comparative efficacy of different exercise types on inflammatory markers in women with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 27(7), 458-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.03.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.03.007
González-Jurado, J.A., Suárez-Carmona, W., López, S., & Sánchez-Oliver, A.J. (2020). Changes in Lipoinflammation Markers in People with Obesity after a Concurrent Training Program: A Comparison between Men and Women. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(17), 6168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176168
Gil-Cosano, J.J., Plaza-Florido, A., Gracia-Marco, L., Migueles, J.H., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Olvera-Rojas, M., Ubago-Guisado, E., Labayen, I., Lucia, A., & Ortega, F.B. (2024). Effects of combined aerobic and resistance training on the inflammatory profile of children with overweight/obesity: A randomized clinical trial. Pediatric obesity, 19(10), e13152. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.13152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.13152
Hintze, L.J., Kravchychyn, A.C. P., Ferreira, Y.A. M., Campos, R.M. D.S., Dantas, A.D. A., Masquio, D.C. L., Caranti, D.A., Thivel, D., & Dâmaso, A.R. (2021). Semi-intensive and Intensive Interdisciplinary Treatments Have Similar Effects on Metabolic Syndrome and Selected Inflammatory Markers in Adolescents with Obesity. Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome, 30(4), 386-395. https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes21049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes21049
Li, C., Lyu, S., & Zhang, J. (2022). Effects of Aerobic Exercise on the Serum Leptin Level and Heart Rate Variability in the Obese Girl Children. Computational intelligence and neuroscience, 2022, 2298994. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2298994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2298994
Sullivan, G.M., & Feinn, R. (2012). Using Effect Size-or Why the P Value Is Not Enough. Journal of graduate medical education, 4(3), 279-282. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-12-00156.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-12-00156.1
Park, S., & Shimokawa, I. (2024). Influence of Adipokines on Metabolic Dysfunction and Aging. Biomedicines, 12(4), 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040873 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040873
Landecho, M.F., Tuero, C., Valentí, V., Bilbao, I., de la Higuera, M., & Frühbeck, G. (2019). Relevance of Leptin and Other Adipokines in Obesity-Associated Cardiovascular Risk. Nutrients, 11(11), 2664. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112664
Rostás, I., Pótó, L., Mátrai, P., Hegyi, P., Tenk, J., Garami, A., Illés, A., Solymár, M., Pétervári, E., Szűcs, Á., Párniczky, A., Pécsi, D., Rumbus, Z., Zsiborás, C., Füredi, N., & Balaskó, M. (2017). In middle-aged and old obese patients, training intervention reduces leptin level: A meta-analysis. PloS one, 12(8), e0182801. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182801 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182801
Murawska-Ciałowicz, E., Kaczmarek, A., Kałwa, M., & Oniszczuk, A. (2022). Influence of Training and Single Exercise on Leptin Level and Metabolism in Obese Overweight and Normal-Weight Women of Different Age. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(19), 12168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912168
Zouhal, H., Sellami, M., Saeidi, A., Slimani, M., Abbassi-Daloii, A., Khodamoradi, A., El Hage, R., Hackney, A.C., & Ben Abderrahman, A. (2019). Effect of physical exercise and training on gastrointestinal hormones in populations with different weight statuses. Nutrition reviews, 77(7), 455-477. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz005
Vanderheyden, L.W., McKie, G.L., Howe, G.J., & Hazell, T.J. (2020). Greater lactate accumulation following an acute bout of high-intensity exercise in males suppresses acylated ghrelin and appetite postexercise. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 128(5), 1321-1328. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00081.2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00081.2020
Augusto-Oliveira, M., Arrifano, G.P., Leal-Nazaré, C.G., Santos-Sacramento, L., Lopes-Araújo, A., Royes, L.F. F., & Crespo-Lopez, M.E. (2023). Exercise Reshapes the Brain: Molecular, Cellular, and Structural Changes Associated with Cognitive Improvements. Molecular neurobiology, 60(12), 6950-6974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-023-03492-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-023-03492-8
de Assis, G.G., & Murawska-Ciałowicz, E. (2023). Exercise and Weight Management: The Role of Leptin-A Systematic Review and Update of Clinical Data from 2000-2022. Journal of clinical medicine, 12(13), 4490. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134490
Kwon, O., Kim, K.W., & Kim, M.S. (2016). Leptin signalling pathways in hypothalamic neurons. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS, 73(7), 1457-1477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2133-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2133-1
Liu, H., Du, T., Li, C., & Yang, G. (2021). STAT3 phosphorylation in central leptin resistance. Nutrition & metabolism, 18(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-021-00569-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-021-00569-w
Hoffman, N.J., Parker, B.L., Chaudhuri, R., Fisher-Wellman, K.H., Kleinert, M., Humphrey, S.J., Yang, P., Holliday, M., Trefely, S., Fazakerley, D.J., Stöckli, J., Burchfield, J.G., Jensen, T.E., Jothi, R., Kiens, B., Wojtaszewski, J.F., Richter, E.A., & James, D.E. (2015). Global Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Human Skeletal Muscle Reveals a Network of Exercise-Regulated Kinases and AMPK Substrates. Cell metabolism, 22(5), 922-935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.001
Gowans, G.J., Hawley, S.A., Ross, F.A., & Hardie, D.G. (2013). AMP is a true physiological regulator of AMP-activated protein kinase by both allosteric activation and enhancing net phosphorylation. Cell metabolism, 18(4), 556-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.08.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.08.019
Yong, J., & Song, J. (2024). CaMKII activity and metabolic imbalance-related neurological diseases: Focus on vascular dysfunction, synaptic plasticity, amyloid beta accumulation, and lipid metabolism. Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 175, 116688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116688 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116688
Plaza-Diaz, J., Izquierdo, D., Torres-Martos, Á., Baig, A.T., Aguilera, C.M., & Ruiz-Ojeda, F.J. (2022). Impact of Physical Activity and Exercise on the Epigenome in Skeletal Muscle and Effects on Systemic Metabolism. Biomedicines, 10(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010126
Ashcroft, S.P., Stocks, B., Egan, B., & Zierath, J.R. (2024). Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations to enhance cardiometabolic health. Cell metabolism, 36(2), 278-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008
Headid Iii, R.J., & Park, S.Y. (2021). The impacts of exercise on pediatric obesity. Clinical and experimental pediatrics, 64(5), 196-207. https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00997 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00997
Wu, P.Y., Huang, K.S., Chen, K.M., Chou, C.P., & Tu, Y.K. (2021). Exercise, Nutrition, and Combined Exercise and Nutrition in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Maturitas, 145, 38-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.12.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.12.009
Makarewicz, A., Jamka, M., Geltz, J., Śmidowicz, A., Kokot, M., Kaczmarek, N., Mądry, E., & Walkowiak, J. (2022). Comparison of the Effect of Endurance, Strength, and Endurance-Strength Training on Inflammatory Markers and Adipokines Levels in Overweight and Obese Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Trials. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 10(6), 1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061098
Sanchis, P., Ezequiel-Rodriguez, A., Sánchez-Oliver, A.J., Suarez-Carmona, W., Lopez-Martín, S., García-Muriana, F.J., & González-Jurado, J.A. (2024). Changes in the Expression of Inflammatory Genes Induced by Chronic Exercise in the Adipose Tissue: Differences by Sex. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 12(7), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12070184 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12070184
Chow, L.S., Gerszten, R.E., Taylor, J.M., Pedersen, B.K., van Praag, H., Trappe, S., Febbraio, M.A., Galis, Z.S., Gao, Y., Haus, J.M., Lanza, I.R., Lavie, C.J., Lee, C.H., Lucia, A., Moro, C., Pandey, A., Robbins, J.M., Stanford, K.I., Thackray, A.E., Villeda, S., … Snyder, M.P. (2022). Exerkines in health, resilience and disease. Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 18(5), 273-289. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-022-00641-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-022-00641-2
Colleluori, G., Viola, V., Bathina, S., Armamento-Villareal, R., Qualls, C., Giordano, A., & Villareal, D.T. (2025). Effect of aerobic or resistance exercise, or both on insulin secretion, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in dieting older adults with obesity. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 51, 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2025.05.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2025.05.016
Fiorenza, M., Checa, A., Sandsdal, R.M., Jensen, S.B. K., Juhl, C.R., Noer, M.H., Bogh, N.P., Lundgren, J.R., Janus, C., Stallknecht, B.M., Holst, J.J., Madsbad, S., Wheelock, C.E., & Torekov, S.S. (2024). Weight-loss maintenance is accompanied by interconnected alterations in circulating FGF21-adiponectin-leptin and bioactive sphingolipids. Cell reports. Medicine, 5(7), 101629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101629 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101629
Pataky, M.W., Young, W.F., & Nair, K.S. (2021). Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 96(3), 788-814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.033
Hansen, D., Abreu, A., Ambrosetti, M., Cornelissen, V., Gevaert, A., Kemps, H., Laukkanen, J.A., Pedretti, R., Simonenko, M., Wilhelm, M., Davos, C.H., Doehner, W., Iliou, M.C., Kränkel, N., Völler, H., & Piepoli, M. (2022). Exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiovascular rehabilitation and beyond: why and how: a position statement from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. European journal of preventive cardiology, 29(1), 230-245. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwab007
Sadeghi, H., Jehu, D.A., Daneshjoo, A., Shakoor, E., Razeghi, M., Amani, A., Hakim, M.N., & Yusof, A. (2021). Effects of 8 Weeks of Balance Training, Virtual Reality Training, and Combined Exercise on Lower Limb Muscle Strength, Balance, and Functional Mobility Among Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Sports health, 13(6), 606-612. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120986803 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120986803
Jimeno-Almazán, A., Franco-López, F., Buendía-Romero, Á., Martínez-Cava, A., Sánchez-Agar, J.A., Sánchez-Alcaraz Martínez, B.J., Courel-Ibáñez, J., & Pallarés, J.G. (2022). Rehabilitation for post-COVID-19 condition through a supervised exercise intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 32(12), 1791-1801. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14240 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14240
Pillon, N.J., Gabriel, B.M., Dollet, L., Smith, J.A. B., Sardón Puig, L., Botella, J., Bishop, D.J., Krook, A., & Zierath, J.R. (2020). Transcriptomic profiling of skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise and inactivity. Nature communications, 11(1), 470. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13869-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13869-w
Quiroga, R., Nistal, E., Estébanez, B., Porras, D., Juárez-Fernández, M., Martínez-Flórez, S., García-Mediavilla, M.V., de Paz, J.A., González-Gallego, J., Sánchez-Campos, S., & Cuevas, M.J. (2020). Exercise training modulates the gut microbiota profile and impairs inflammatory signaling pathways in obese children. Experimental & molecular medicine, 52(7), 1048-1061. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-0459-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-0459-0
Brunelli, D.T., Bonfante, I.L. P., Boldrini, V.O., Scolfaro, P.G., Duft, R.G., Mateus, K., Fatori, R.F., Chacon-Mikahil, M.P. T., Farias, A.S., Teixeira, A.M., & Cavaglieri, C.R. (2024). Combined Training Improves Gene Expression Related to Immunosenescence in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Individuals. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 95(3), 730-739. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2023.2299716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2023.2299716
Estébanez, B., Amaro-Gahete, F.J., Gil-González, C., González-Gallego, J., Cuevas, M.J., & Jiménez-Pavón, D. (2023). Influence of 12-Week Concurrent Training on Exosome Cargo and Its Relationship with Cardiometabolic Health Parameters in Men with Obesity. Nutrients, 15(13), 3069. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15133069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15133069
Melson, E., Ashraf, U., Papamargaritis, D., & Davies, M.J. (2025). What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity?. International journal of obesity (2005), 49(3), 433-451. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01473-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01473-y
Jastreboff, A.M., le Roux, C.W., Stefanski, A., Aronne, L.J., Halpern, B., Wharton, S., Wilding, J.P. H., Perreault, L., Zhang, S., Battula, R., Bunck, M.C., Ahmad, N.N., Jouravskaya, I., & SURMOUNT-1 Investigators (2025). Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention. The New England journal of medicine, 392(10), 958-971. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2410819 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2410819
Ruiz-González, D., Hernández-Martínez, A., Valenzuela, P.L., Morales, J.S., & Soriano-Maldonado, A. (2021). Effects of physical exercise on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neurodegenerative disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 128, 394-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.025
Kao, S.C., Chen, F.T., Moreau, D., Drollette, E.S., Amireault, S., Chu, C.H., & Chang, Y.K. (2025). Acute effects of exercise engagement on neurocognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis on P3 amplitude and latency. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(1), 111-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2022.2155488 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2022.2155488
Dhahbi, W., Briki, W., Heissel, A., Schega, L., Dergaa, I., Guelmami, N., Omri, A.E., & Chaabene, H. (2025). Physical Activity to Counter Age-Related Cognitive Decline: Benefits of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Training-A Narrative Review. Sports medicine - open, 11(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00857-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00857-2
Rahmati, M., Lee, H., Lee, H., Park, J., Vithran, D.T. A., Li, Y., Kazemi, A., Boyer, L., Fond, G., Smith, L., Veronese, N., Soysal, P., Dragioti, E., Cortese, S., Kang, J., Yon, D.K., & Solmi, M. (2025). Associations Between Exercise Training, Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Mortality: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 16(2), e13772. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13772 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13772
Batrakoulis, A., Jamurtas, A.Z., Metsios, G.S., Perivoliotis, K., Liguori, G., Feito, Y., Riebe, D., Thompson, W.R., Angelopoulos, T.J., Krustrup, P., Mohr, M., Draganidis, D., Poulios, A., & Fatouros, I.G. (2022). Comparative Efficacy of 5 Exercise Types on Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of 81 Randomized Controlled Trials. Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes, 15(6), e008243. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.121.008243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.121.008243
Packer, M., Zile, M.R., Kramer, C.M., Baum, S.J., Litwin, S.E., Menon, V., Ge, J., Weerakkody, G.J., Ou, Y., Bunck, M.C., Hurt, K.C., Murakami, M., Borlaug, B.A., & SUMMIT Trial Study Group (2025). Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. The New England journal of medicine, 392(5), 427-437. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2410027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2410027
Younossi, Z.M., Kalligeros, M., & Henry, L. (2025). Epidemiology of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Clinical and molecular hepatology, 31(Suppl), S32-S50. https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0431
European Association for the Study of the Liver (2025). EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of hepatology, 82(2), 315-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2024.08.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2024.08.028
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Cahyo Kartiko, Purwo Sri Rejeki, Dono Indarto, Irmantara Subagio, Sasminta Christina Yuli Hartati, Bekir Erhan Orhan, Yuni Nurwati, Adi Pranoto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
