Programming the Stage of Direct Preparation and Participation in the Main Competitions of the Sports Season for Highly Qualified Field Hockey Players

Background. The modern stage of training highly qualified athletes is characterized by the introduction of technologies into the training process aimed at effective planning and monitoring of training effects. This technology considers programming, which provides an ordered content of the training process, taking into account the main components of training loads. Objectives. The study purpose was to experimentally determine the effectiveness of building a training process for highly qualified field hockey players at the stage of direct preparation and participation in the main competitions of the sports season based on programming methods. Materials and methods. A total of 21 highly qualified field hockey players involved in the study. The participants had attained the rank of sports qualification – Master of Sports of Ukraine. The athletes’ mean age was 25.6 ± 5.29 years. The study was conducted in 2021 during the preparation and participation of the Ukrainian national field hockey team in the European Championship “Championship 2” (Gniezno, Poland). The scientific search was carried out on the basis of the following methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodical literature; pedagogical observation, pedagogical testing, and methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The stage structure of direct preparation and participation in the main competitions of the sports season for highly qualified field hockey players was determined. It consisted of three mesocycles: basic — 4-day retractable microcycle, 4-day shock microcycle, 3-day recovery microcycle; special training – 4-day shock microcycle, 3-day recovery microcycle, 4-day preparatory microcycle; competitive – 7-day competitive, 3-day recovery microcycles. Conclusions. One of the most rational technologies for training athletes is programming, which ensures an ordered content of the training process, taking into consideration the key elements of training loads. Programs of training tasks were developed, which became the basis for micro-and mesocycle programs.


Introduction
The optimal combination of training and competition loads in the competitive period to ensure the maintenance of the second phase of sports form is one of the debatable issues today (Dubois et al., 2020;Kostiukevych, Lazarenko, Shchepotina et al., 2021;Buy, 2023).In this regard, at the current stage in the system of training athletes, which is based on the theory of periodization of the training process, scientists single out the stage of direct preparation for the main competitions of the sports season (Bompa, Buzzichelli, 2018;Platonov, 2018;Kasper, 2019, etc.).It should ensure the solution of such tasks as recovery, maintaining the achieved A h e a d o f P r i n t 587 Kostiukevych, V., Lazarenko, N., Vozniuk, T., Shchepotina, N., Asauliuk, I., Konnov, S., Adamchuk, V., Stasiuk, I., & Naumchuk, V. (2024).
Programming the Stage of Direct Preparation and Participation in the Main Competitions of the Sports Season for Highly Qualified Field Hockey Players level of training, creating conditions for the manifestation of the delayed training effect, psychological preparation for the competition, working out the details of preparation according to the model of competitive activity (Platonov, 2018;Shchepotina et al., 2021;Adamchuk et al., 2023).Thus, the problem of developing the structure and content of this stage was defined by many scientists as urgent, in accordance with the demands of the theory and practice of a certain sport (Malikova et al., 2018;Andrade et al., 2021;Leibo et al., 2021).The analysis of literary sources allowed us to come to the conclusion that the training process of athletes at the stage of direct preparation for the main competitions of the sports season is mainly carried out on the basis of modeling methods (Kostiukevych, 2019;Kostiukevych, Shchepotina, Shynkaruk et al., 2019;Teixeira et al., 2022) and programming (Veličković et al., 2018;Bui, 2022;Bonder, Shim, 2023).It is worth noting that the programming method is used both to improve physical preparedness (Bohuslavska, 2021;Lisenchuk et al., 2023;Hidayah et al., 2024) and technicaltactical (Imas et al., 2018;Pizarro et al., 2019;Perepelitsa, 2021) and integral preparedness (Turliuk, 2017;Kozina et al., 2019;Kostiukevych, Shchepotina, Shynkaruk et al., 2020) of athletes.
Therefore, the analysis of literary sources allows us to state that the scientific search for relatively optimal training of athletes at the stage of preparation for the main competitions of the sports season based on programming methods is relevant for the Olympic sport -field hockey.
Purpose of research -to experimentally determine the effectiveness of building a training process for highly qualified field hockey players at the stage of direct preparation and participation in the main competitions of the sports season based on programming.

Material and Methodology
Participants 21 highly qualified field hockey players participated in the study.Sports qualification -master of sports of Ukraine.The age of the athletes is 25.6 ± 5.29 years.Informed consent was obtained from all players to participate in the study.Research was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Research Organization
The study was conducted in 2021 during the preparation and participation of the Ukrainian national field hockey team in the European Championship "Championship 2" (Gniezno, Poland).National teams took part in the competition: Austria, Iran, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, Scotland, Croatia, Ukraine.
Achieving the goal of the research was carried out on the basis of the following methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodical literature; pedagogical observation, pedagogical testing, methods of mathematical statistics.
The theoretical analysis and generalization of literary sources became the basis for determining the purpose of the research and building a scientific search algorithm for the given problem.
Pedagogical observation was carried out in order to control and analyze the training and competitive activities of the players.
Pedagogical testing made it possible to determine the indicators of physical and functional readiness of players during the stage of direct preparation for the main competitions of the 2021 sports season.
Tests were used to assess speed and speed-strength qualities: a 30 m run from a high start and a long jump from a standing position.General endurance was assessed using the Cooper test (continuous running for 12 min).
Speed endurance was determined on the basis of the test -a shuttle run of 180 m (Fig. 1).Three racks were placed on a straight line at a distance of 15 m from each other.At the coach's signal, the player started running from the first to the second post, ran around it and returned to the first post, then he ran to the third post, ran around it and returned to the first post.After that, the exercise was repeated without stopping.When performing this test, the following indicators were determined: • time to cover the distance (s); • integrative adaptation index (IAI): (1) where: t is test execution time; f 1 , f 2 , f 3 -heart rate in 10 seconds at the end of the first, second and third minutes of recovery.
Index of operational adaptation (IOA): where: fw is heart rate 10 seconds after the end of the test; fr -heart rate in 10 seconds at the end of the first minute of recovery; t -duration of test performance.The functional fitness of the players was assessed based on the indicators of maximum oxygen consumption in absolute terms (VO 2 max abs, l•min -1 ) and relative (VO 2 max rel, ml•min -1 •kg -1 ) values.
The running version of the test was used to determine these indicators PWC 170 (V).
Determination of VO 2 max indicators was carried out according to the following algorithm.
1 st step.Without warm-up, ran 800 m in 5 minutes (at a steady pace without acceleration throughout the entire distance).
2 nd step.Heart rate fixation immediately after overcoming the first distance (f 1 ).
A h e a d o f P r i n t ISSN 1993-7989. eISSN 1993-7997. ISSN-L 1993-7989. Physical Education Theory and Methodology. Vol. 24, Num. 4 588 3 rd step.Determination of running speed when covering the first distance (V 1 ). (3) where: S 1 is first distance duration (m); t 1 -duration of overcoming first distance (s). 4 th step.5 minute rest (stretching).5 th step.1200 m run in 5 minutes.6 th step.Heart rate fixation immediately after overcoming the second distance (f 2 ).7 th step.Determination of running speed when covering the second distance (V 2 ).where: S 2 -length of the second distance (m); t 2 -duration of overcoming the second distance (s).8 th step.Determination of physical capacity PWC 170(V) using the formula: (5) 9 th step.PWC 170(V) (m•s -1 ) value is transferred into PWC170 (kgm×min-1) using the formula: PWC 170 = 417 where: BM is player's body mass.

Statistical analysis
Mathematical statistics methods were used to process and analyze the research results.Descriptive statistics using parametric criteria for linked samples were used (Albert et al., 2017;Byshevets et al., 2019;Kostiukevych, Lazarenko, Vozniuk et al., 2020).Determination of the mean value (mean) and the mean square deviation (SD) was assumed.Statistical reliability in the difference between indicators of physical and functional fitness of the studied players was determined using the Student's t-test.Differences were considered significant at p ˂ 0.050.Statistical processing of the research results was carried out on a personal computer using Microsoft Excel XP and Statistica 10.0 application software packages developed by Microsoft and Stat Soft (USA).

Results
The working hypothesis of this study assumed that the content of training classes of highly qualified field hockey players should be determined by clear criteria for planning and control of managerial influences.Programming was chosen as the most optimal scientific and methodical approach to building the players' training process.On the basis of which, step-by-step management influences are carried out, taking into account the appropriate ratio of means of training work and loads of different orientations, taking into account the level of preparation of athletes.
It was determined that the components of the structure of the training process of highly qualified field hockey players at the stage of direct preparation and participation in the main competitions of the sports season (SDP for MC) should be programs of training tasks and various types of microcycles.
The program of the training task is a strictly regulated content of the sportsmen's motor activity, taking into account the types and components of the training work and corresponds to the main purpose and direction of the training process.
The The programs of pull-up, shock, preparatory, competitive and recovery microcycles became the basis for developing the structure and content of the stage of direct training and participation in the main competitions of the sports season of highly qualified field hockey players (fig.2).This stage consisted of three mesocycles -basic, special-preparatory and competitive.This stage structure made it possible to consistently solve the problems of adapting players to training loads and specific competitive activities.
It is important to note that planning of the magnitude and intensity of training impact in microcycles of the stage was carried out on the basis of the principle of undulation of training loads (fig.3).
This made it possible to optimally combine the processes of exercise and rest both in microcycles and in general throughout the entire stage of direct preparation and participation of players in the main competitions of the sports season.
The volume and ratio of the means of training work of players at the stage of direct preparation and participation in the main competitions of the sports season is presented  3. Depending on the type of microcycle in the training process, general preparatory, special preparatory, preparatory and competitive exercises were performed in different proportions.
In the retractable microcycle, only general preparatory exercises were used.Percussion is characterized by the predominant performance of general preparatory (36.0 %) and special preparatory (33.8 %) exercises.Preparatory and competitive exercises were most often used in preparatory (22.3 % and 34.7 %) and competitive (17.9% and 41.7%) microcycles.
Training influences on the level of preparedness of players at the stage of direct preparation and participation in the main competitions of the sports season were carried out both through the use of various means and through the application of loads of different orientations (Fig. 4).Training exercises based on aerobic loads were most often used in the 3-day recovery microcycle (85.4 %).Mixed (aerobic-anaerobic) loads were mainly used in 4-day shock  CI tl , points·min -1 5.9 9.3 8.9 6.3 8.7 11.9 7.6 9.8 1.0 5.9 9.7 10.1 7.6 8.7 1.0 7.9 8.9 8.5 7.    Recovery Retractable Shock Preparatory Competitive (36.4 %), 4-day preparatory (51.7 %) and 7-day competitive (56.5 %) microcycles.As for anaerobic loads, when compiling microcycle programs, the greatest use of anaerobic-alactate loads was planned in 4-day shock (14.6 %) and 4-day preparatory (3.4 %) microcycles.
Anaerobic-glycolytic loads were mainly used in 4-day shock (5.3 %) and 4-day preparatory (3.4 %) microcycles.For effective participation of players in competitive activities in field hockey, it is necessary to show a high level of speed and speed-strength qualities, as well as speed and general endurance (table 4).
Comparative analysis of the indicators of physical fitness of players allows us to state that during the SDP for MC of the sports season there were statistically significant changes in the manifestation of speed and strength qualities (1.9 %; p = 0.032), speed (3.9 %; p = 0.013) and general (2.4 %; p = 0.027) endurance.Positive changes in the manifestation of speed qualities were 0.7 % (p = 0.186).No less important for the effective competitive activity of highly qualified field hockey players is their level of functional fitness.
The first two criteria characterize the athletic performance of athletes and the overall level of fitness in accordance with the chosen sport.IAI characterizes the recovery processes of players within a 3-minute rest interval.The IOA indicates that the players' performance is restored during the first minute of rest.

Discussion
The current stage of sports development is determined by the scientific search for the most effective methods of training athletes.This encourages conducting various studies using various technologies for monitoring the training process, building training programs both during longterm improvement and within the framework of annual macrocycles (Leibo et al., 2021;Bui, 2022).
This problem remains relevant for team game sports, including the Olympic sport of field hockey.
The calendar of international competitions of players of the national field hockey team of Ukraine determines participation in the main competitions of the season annually.Usually, these are European Championships, the World League, qualifying tournaments for Olympic Games.Therefore, the chosen research topic is important both from a scientific point of view for obtaining new knowledge about the parameters of training effects, and from the practical implementation of such a scientific and methodological approach, which is the programming of the training process.
In our study, unlike many authors (Turliiuk, 2017;Platonov, 2018, etc.), we combined the stage of direct preparation for the main competitions of the sports season with the competitions themselves.This allows us to consider the training process of athletes at this stage of the annual training cycle, taking into account the three phases of sports form.Based on this, the structure of the stage of direct training and participation in the main competitions of highly qualified field hockey players in a logical sequence consisted of retractable -shock -recovery -shock -recoverypreparatory -competitive -recovery microcycles.
That is, we can consider such a structure as a corresponding model of the training process of athletes of team game sports when preparing and participating in the main competitions of the sports season.It is also worth noting that the main basis of programs of structural formations of the training process was developed programs of training tasks, which distinguishes our research from other scientific studies of this problem (Turliiuk, 2017;Imas et al., 2018;Kostiukevych, Shchepotina, Shynkaruk et al., 2019).
The program of each training task is made taking into account all the components of training actions -the duration of the training task, the direction of the load, the ratio of training work tools, the ratio of modes of coordination complexity of performing exercises, coefficients of magnitude and intensity of the training load, and so on.
This approach to the construction of training task programs allows, on the one hand, to program the formation of urgent and delayed training effects, and on the other, to specifically determine the parameters of training work in microcycles and mesocycles of training players at a certain stage of the annual macrocycle.
The lack of statistically significant improvement in 30 m running performance in the studied players is associated with objective difficulties that arise in the process of developing speed abilities in adulthood (Platonov, 2018).At the same time, we observe a positive dynamics of results in this test.In addition, the statistically likely improvement of most indicators of physical and functional fitness of players during the SDP for MC determines the statement about the feasibility of building the training process of highly qualified hockey teams at this stage on the basis of programming, which is also justified in our previous studies (Shchepotina et al., 2021;Adamchuk et al., 2023).
So, the conducted scientific research, which was of an experimental nature, confirmed the predictions regarding the feasibility of using programming in the training process of athletes of team game sports.

Conclusions
The modern stage of training highly qualified athletes is characterized by the introduction of new technologies into the training process, aimed, first of all, at increasing the effectiveness of training effects.
One of the most rational technologies for training athletes is programming, which provides for an ordered content of the training process taking into account the main components of training loads.
A h e a d o f P r i n t It has been experimentally proven that the construction of the training process of highly qualified field hockey players at the stage of direct preparation and participation in the main competitions of the sports season based on programming is effective.The structure of this stage consists of a 4-day retractable, 4-day shock, 3-day recovery, 4-day shock, 3-day recovery, 4-day preparatory, 7-day competition and 3-day recovery microcycles.
It is determined by the ratio of the means of training work and the load of different orientations of the 32-day stage of direct preparation and participation in the main competitions of the sports season of highly qualified field hockey players.Means: 49.2 % -general training, 15.2 %special training, 15.7 % -preparatory (technical-tactical), 19.9 % -competitive exercises.Training loads: 54.0 %aerobic; 37.9 % -mixed aerobic-anaerobic, 5.3 % -anaerobicalactate; 2.8 % -anaerobic-glycolytic.
The prospects of further research will be determined by the scientific search for programming the training macrocycle of highly qualified field hockey players.A h e a d o f P r i n t

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Scheme of execution of the test "180 m shuttle run"

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Structure of the stage of direct training and participation in the main competitions of the sports season of highly qualified field hockey players: Notes: microcycles: RT -retractable; SMshock; PM -preparatory; CM -competitive; RM -recovery -morning training; ET -evening training; W -warm-up; TTP -training task program; CCM -mode of coordination complexity of performing exercises; GPE -general preparatory exercises; SPE -special preparatory exercises; PE -preparatory (technical and tactical) exercises; CE -competitive exercises; loads: a -aerobic; Mx -mixed (aerobic-anaerobic); AAA -anaerobic alactate; AAG -anaerobic glycolytic; CLM -coefficient of the load magnitude; CI t.l.-coefficient of the training load intensity; Load value: M -medium, H -high Dynamics of the intensity of training loads at the stage of direct training and participation in the main competitions of the sports season of highly qualified field hockey players.Notes: microcycles: RT -retractable; SM -shock; RM -recovery; PMpreparatory; CM -competitive A h e a d o f P r i n t 591 Kostiukevych, V., Lazarenko, N., Vozniuk, T., Shchepotina, N., Asauliuk, I., Konnov, S., Adamchuk, V., Stasiuk, I., & Naumchuk, V. (2024).Programming the Stage of Direct Preparation and Participation in the Main Competitions of the Sports Season for Highly Qualified Field Hockey Players

Table 1 .
Kostiukevych, V., Lazarenko, N., Vozniuk, T., Shchepotina, N., Asauliuk, I., Konnov, S., Adamchuk, V., Stasiuk, I., & Naumchuk, V. (2024).Programming the Stage of Direct Preparation and Participation in the Main Competitions of the Sports Season for Highly Qualified Field Hockey Players Training task program for improving the speed endurance of highly qualified field hockey players structure of the training task program (ТТР) is presented in table 1.The structure of the training task program (ТТР) was determined by: • the duration of the training task; • means of training work -general preparatory exercises (GPE), special preparatory exercises (SPE), preparatory (technical and tactical) exercises (PE), competitive exercises (CE); • load orientation -aerobic (A), mixed (Mx), anaerobic-alactate (AAA), anaerobic-

Content and scheme of TTP execution TTP is aimed at increasing the level of high-speed endurance of players. TTP is held in a stadium with a 400-meter track. TTP is performed in shock microcycles, before performing TTP, a "warm -up" WU: SPT: SPE (3) is performed.
Notes: CCM -coordination complexity mode; t -exercise duration; I -exercise intensity: L -low, M -medium, H -high, Maxmaximum; GPE -general preparatory exercises; SPE -special preparatory exercises; PE -preparatory exercises; CE -competition exercises; loads: A -aerobic, AAG -anaerobic-glycolytic, Mx -mixed; AAA -anaerobic alactate; CLM -coefficient of load magnitude; CI t.l.-coefficient of intensity of training load morning and evening classes (games).This structure of the microcycle made it possible to plan and register not only training tools, taking into account CCM and training loads of different directions, but also the amount of training effects at each training session or in the game.

Table 2 .
Structure and content of the 4-day lead microcycle for training highly qualified field hockey players

Table 3 .
The volume and ratio of training facilities for highly qualified field hockey players at the stage of direct training and participation in sports season competitions

Table 4 .
Indicators of physical fitness of highly qualified field hockey players at the stage of direct training and participation in competitions of the sports season Note: SDP for MC is a stage of direct preparation for the main competitions

Table 5 .
Indicators of functional readiness of highly qualified field hockey players at the stage of direct training and participation in sports season competitions