Modern Approaches to Analysis of Technical and Tactical Actions of Skilled Volleyball Players

Purpose. To develop an algorithm of special analysis for improving the training process, based on the identification of indicators of technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity of skilled volleyball players. 
Material and Methods. The study analyzed 2,688 technical and tactical indicators of the competitive activity of 56 players of national volleyball teams which played 6 games in the 2019 CEV Volleyball European Championship, taking into account the athletes’ playing roles, based on the methods of analysis of the competitive activity, analysis of generalization of practical experience, and theoretical modeling. 
Results. The study interpreted the total performance indicators of the competitive activity of skilled volleyball players, the indicators of technical and tactical activity in the competitive process, the ratio of performance indicators in skilled volleyball players in position zones. 
Conclusions. The modified algorithm of special analysis of indicators of technical and tactical actions has the following structure: analysis of quantitative characteristics of team, group and individual actions in attack and defense; chronological analysis of the competitive activity development in sets; analysis of playing actions in various zones of the court; comparative analysis of quantitative indicators of technical and tactical actions of volleyball players who directly counteract in the match; analysis of critical moments of the game, which is directly related to organizing and holding a particular match; interpretation and qualitative analysis of indicators of technical and tactical actions in a particular match. 
Based on the analysis of success and performance indicators of the competitive activity of Ukraine’s national volleyball team in the qualifying tournament of the 2019 European Championship (group F), it can be said that the modified algorithm of special analysis of indicators of technical and tactical actions showed high efficiency.


Introduction
Modern requirements for training skilled volleyball players are conditioned by strong competition in official international competitions -the Olympic Games, World and European Championships, World League and Euroleague. In the structure of factors that ensure the achievement of high sports results, the leading role belongs to the effectiveness of technical and tactical actions of skilled volleyball players in the competitive activity (Afonso et al., 2010;Marcelino et al., 2010). For the procedures of analyzing the effectiveness of technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity in volleyball, quantitative and qualitative indicators of the effectiveness of technical and tactical actions; taking into account the ТМФВ, 2021, том 21, № 3 ISSN 1993-7989 (print). ISSN 1993-7997 (online). ISSN-L 1993-7989. Теорія та методика фізичного виховання. Том 21, № 3 playing specialization (role) of athletes; choosing a tactical orientation in the game against a particular opponent are of critical importance (Bergeles et al., 2009;Doroshenko et al., 2019). Based on the combined use of these components of the competitive activity, prerequisites are created for developing a procedure of special analysis of technical and tactical actions of skilled volleyball players. This will make it possible to identify the leading components of technical and tactical actions and promptly use the most effective means for correction of technical and tactical training, which indicates the relevance and timeliness of experimental studies on this issue.
Experts note that the procedure of special analysis requires a differentiated accounting of indicators of technical and tactical actions (individual, group, and team characteristics) (Cojocaru et al., 2018;Millán-Sánchez et al., 2018), variants of the competitive activity development in sets (dominant, recessive, variable, and combined) (Silva et al., 2016;Paulo et al., 2016), differentiation of attacking technical and tactical actions from the front or back line, and the direction of attacking technical and tactical actions, taking into account the tactical variants of players' positioning in the front line zones ("2", "3", "4") (Palao et al., 2004;Sotiris et al., 2009). Additionally, it is important to develop an algorithm of special analysis -a certain sequence of procedures that ensures a logical and rational interpretation of the results of special analysis of technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity of skilled volleyball players .
Considering the complexity of analysis and interpretation of indicators of technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity of skilled volleyball players, specialists are naturally interested in the problem of special physical training, which is a factor that also determines the efficiency and effectiveness of competitive actions. A wide range of experimental studies is presented in this research area. In addition to attacking technical and tactical actions, it is important to use a group block with a certain number of blockers (2-3 athletes) and the effectiveness of this playing action. (Afonso et al., 2005;Millán-Sánchez et al., 2019). It was shown that a group block consisting of two athletes is the most effective. The study of isokinetic strength characteristics of the muscles of the lower limbs and their manifestations in training and competitive processes in female volleyball players gives grounds for creating specialized plyometric programs in order to make the most of female athletes' technical and tactical potential (Gjinovci et al., 2017;Jackson et al., 2017;Kabaciński et al., 2017). Additionally, experimental studies revealed the relationship between acoustic disorders and indicators of aerobic endurance of female volleyball players (Sienkiewicz-Dianzenza et al., 2015) and showed the mechanisms of possible correction, which helps optimize the training process. The assessment of the impact of physical development parameters on the level of motor coordination in female volleyball players at the stage of specialized basic training gave reason to believe that in the process of long-term training there is a need for targeted individual correction of motor abilities development, taking into account the sensitive periods of motor abilities development (Boichuk et al., 2018(Boichuk et al., , 2021. Similar processes were recorded in experimental studies of the team of authors (Kumar et al., 2021;Zerf et al., 2019), which show that special exercises are an effective means of developing coordination abilities and contribute to the formation of specialized psychophysiological functions that ensure the effectiveness of the competitive activity in volleyball. Based on the study of special literature and the results of their own studies, researchers summarized the ways of improving the special physical training of highlyskilled volleyball players in the preparatory (Trajkovic et al., 2012) and competitive periods (Malikova et al., 2018) of the annual macrocycle and showed their role in achieving a steady effect for maximum fulfilment of female athletes' technical and tactical potential in the competitive process.
Studies showed a steady effect when using special training devices for developing technical skills in female volleyball players (Kovalchuk et al., 2019).
The study by Nikolaidis et al., 2015 examines the differences in anthropometry, somatotype, body composition, and physiological characteristics of female volleyball players according to the levels of competitive practice (regional, national and international). It was shown that female volleyball players with different qualifications have pronounced anthropometric and somatotypical differences. Taking into account these factors helps reduce sport traumatism and contributes to maximum integration of fitness indicators into the highest possible sports result (Migliorini et al., 2019;Natali et al., 2019).
Also of importance for effective implementation is the psychological aspect -experimental studies show the relationship between volleyball players' psychomotor abilities and the selected level of tactical tasks in the competitive activity, which indicates the dependence between the athlete's psychological characteristics and the implementation of his/ her skills in the competitive activity (Singh et al., 2016). The study (Afrouzeh et al., 2013) determined the optimal time for learning the skills of basic technical and tactical actions in volleyball. Based on the generalization of data from special literature, we state that the problem of analysis of technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity of skilled volleyball players is complex. The most relevant directions for its solution are the selection of the most important indicators for analyzing the competitive activity effectiveness, as well as the development of an algorithm of special analysis and interpretation of indicators of technical and tactical actions. Despite the sufficient degree of development of the problematic issues that determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the competitive activity of skilled volleyball players, these scientific areas remain under discussion.
Hypothesis. Substantiation, development and testing of the procedure of special analysis of indicators of technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity of skilled volleyball players will help optimize the training process and competitive activity.
The purpose of the study: To develop an algorithm of special analysis for improving the training process, based on the identification of indicators of technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity of skilled volleyball players.

Study Participants
The study participants were 56 skilled volleyball players, members of national teams of Switzerland, Macedonia, Hungary, and Ukraine, which played 6 games in the ТМФВ, 2021, том 21, № 3 Oliinyk, I., . Modern Approaches to Analysis of Technical and Tactical Actions of Skilled Volleyball Players qualifying tournament of the 2019 CEV Volleyball European Championship -Men -Pool F. The study analyzed and interpreted 2,688 technical and tactical indicators of the competitive activity of highly-skilled volleyball players, taking into account the playing role of athletes.
The indicators of technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity of volleyball players of the national team of Ukraine were obtained by specialists of the complex scientific group of the Volleyball Federation of Ukraine, using the "DataVolley 4 Professional" computer program. When preparing for the official games of the qualifying tournament "2019 CEV Volleyball European Championship, Men, Pool F", the algorithm of special analysis of indicators of technical and tactical actions proposed in the studies  was used. It contains the following components: • analysis of team schemes of the game: in attack, in defense; • analysis of group interactions in attack, in defense; • analysis of individual actions in attack, in defense; • chronological analysis of the competitive activity development in sets (up to 8 points up to 16 points up to 25 points or until the end of the set); • analysis of playing actions in various zones of the court: defense zone or back row, attack zone or front row; • analysis of critical moments of the game, which is directly related to: a) a mindset for the game, a tactical plan of the game, individual tactical tasks for the game; b) the coach's personal qualities, professional knowledge, professional experience, and pedagogical skills; c) the current team composition, taking into account the level of technical and tactical skills and special physical fitness of players. In addition, the structure of the algorithm of special analysis uses a differentiated accounting of individual, group, and team indicators of technical and tactical actions, the peculiarities of the formation of dynamic models of the competitive activity effectiveness in sets (dominant, recessive, variable, and combined), differentiation of attacking technical and tactical actions (front or back line of attack) and their direction, taking into account the tactical variants of players' positioning in zones "2", "3", "4".
Methods of research. Analysis of scientificmethodological and special literature, Internet data, analysis and generalization of practical experience of coaches of Ukraine's national volleyball team, analysis and interpretation of indicators of technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity of skilled volleyball players, theoretical modeling.

Statistical Analysis
Experimental studies used the following methods of mathematical processing of the obtained results: calculation of the arithmetic mean, error of the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, confidence interval, coefficient of variation, modes and medians.
Statistical processing of indicators of technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity of skilled volleyball players was carried out by specialists of the Department of Physical Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine, Physical Education and Health of Zaporozhzhia State Medical University, using the "SPSS-12" computer program.
The general efficiency of indicators of technical and tactical actions of skilled volleyball players in the competitive activity was determined by the formula (1): (1), where E is the effectiveness of technical and tactical actions of skilled volleyball players in the competitive activity, %; N is the total indicator of technical and tactical actions, n; Ne is the indicator of technical and tactical actions, as a result of which the team won a point.
With the help of methods of analysis of the competitive activity, analysis of generalization of practical experience, and theoretical modeling, 2,688 technical and tactical indicators of the competitive activity of highly-skilled volleyball players were analyzed and interpreted, taking into account the playing role of athletes. To process the obtained results of the competitive activity, the authors of the study conducted a special analysis of the effectiveness of technical and tactical indicators of the competitive activity of highlyskilled volleyball players. To interpret the results obtained, the study applied the method of theoretical modeling, which provided the basis for the formation of an algorithm for preparing national volleyball teams. Table 1 shows the total performance indicators of the competitive activity of skilled volleyball players, which were recorded by specialists of the complex scientific group of the national team of Ukraine in the qualifying games of the 2019 European Volleyball Championship. Table 2 shows the indicators of team technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity of volleyball players in the qualifying tournament of the 2019 European Championship (group F). The indicators of the national team of Ukraine in the games with the national teams of Macedonia, Switzerland, and Hungary were taken as a basis. The quantitative indicators of technical and tactical actions and their ratio in the competitive activity were determined: "kill on reception" and "attack on dig" by the ratio of errors, blocks, efficiency, and the total points scored.

Discussion
In our opinion, the indicators of technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity of skilled volleyball players, given in Tables 2-4, have a significant difference from similar studies (Afonso et al., 2010;Bergeles et al., 2009;Kovalchuk A. al., 2019) -analytical approaches are based not on the quantitative and qualitative indicators of technical and tactical actions of skilled volleyball players, but on their ratio in a particular match. This makes it possible to form the foundations of an algorithm of special analysis of indicators of skilled volleyball players' technical and tactical actions in a particular match, taking into account a comparative analysis of characteristics of athletes with a certain role ("opposite", "outside-spiker", and "middleblocker"), certain positions of players (zones "1" -"6"). Also of importance is the selection of indicators of technical and tactical actions, which are used in the procedures of special analysis. For most modern researchers, a complex use of quantitative and qualitative indicators of the effectiveness of technical and tactical actions of skilled volleyball players is a common practice (Cojocaru et al., 2018;Sotiris et al., 2009) -quantitative characteristics of technical and tactical actions in attack, in defense, when blocking, serving are complemented by qualitative characteristics of their effectiveness. In studies on the analysis of technical and tactical actions of skilled athletes, the authors use this approach in the structure of one of the research methodsanalysis of competitive activity (Afrouzeh et al., 2013;Millán-Sánchez et al., 2019). However, in our opinion, the analysis of competitive activity, in this case, is an integral component of the long-term training management system. Its structure also includes such components as planning, programming, modeling, forecasting, control, and correction of the training process indicators. One of the main provisions of the theory of athletes' training management is the statement that when modeling the training and competitive processes, it is inappropriate to use calculated indicators (in this case, qualitative characteristics of volleyball players' technical and tactical actions). A complex use of quantitative and qualitative indicators of the competitive activity in the procedures of special analysis of indicators of technical and tactical actions of skilled volleyball players can lead to serious distortions of results. Naturally, subsequent procedures of interpreting the indicators of technical and tactical actions can also have significant distortions. This provision should be taken into account by researchers of this issue. In our opinion, this statement is true not only for volleyball, but also for other team sports -basketball, handball, football, etc. The next aspect of optimal analysis of indicators of technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity of skilled volleyball players is the problem of standardization when using quantitative indicators. We are talking about the use of various forms in the structure of special analysis, namely, maximal indicators, minimal sufficient indicators, average indicators, data ranges (min-max). In modern research, when analyzing the indicators of technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity, it is also common to use the principle of determining leading indicators. For example, in the process of special analysis and interpretation of indicators of technical and tactical actions of a volleyball player with the "opposite" role, the most important are the indicators of attacking technical and tactical actions during attacks from zones "2" and "1". Other indicators of technical and tactical actions in the competitive activity of volleyball players with the "opposite" role may be close to minimal sufficient values. This example characterizes the relationships between individual, group, and team aspects of athletic fitness of skilled volleyball players based on the playing role and tactical variants of the competitive activity.
This approach to algorithmization of the procedures of special analysis of indicators of skilled volleyball players' technical and tactical actions also enables the use of comparative characteristics during athletes' direct opposition in the competitive activity. For example, the effectiveness of attacking technical and tactical actions of the player of team "A" (zone "4", role "outside-spiker") and the effectiveness of blocking of the player of team "B" (zone "2", role "opposite").
In addition, in the process of experimental research, we identified four main models of the competitive activity chronological development in sets: dominant, recessive, and variable. Certain combinations of the chronological models in a particular set allow us to single out the fourth model of the competitive activity chronological development -a combined one.
The dominant model of the competitive activity chronological development in the set is characterized by a constant 3-point or more advantage over the opponent.
The recessive model of the competitive activity chronological development, on the contrary, is characterized by a constant lag behind the opposing team in terms of the number of points scored (3 points or more).
The variable model of the competitive activity chronological development is characterized by frequent changes in the leadership of teams in terms of the number of points scored with approximately equal values: + 1 or +2.

Conclusions
Based on the results of experimental studies and analysis of scientific and methodological literature, we state the following: 1. The modified algorithm of special analysis of indicators of technical and tactical actions has the following structure: • analysis of quantitative characteristics of team, group and individual actions in attack and defense; • chronological analysis of the competitive activity development in sets; • analysis of playing actions in various zones of the court; • comparative analysis of quantitative indicators of technical and tactical actions of volleyball players who directly counteract in the game; • analysis of critical moments of the game, which is directly related to organizing and holding a particular match; • interpretation and qualitative analysis of indicators of technical and tactical actions in a particular match.
ТМФВ, 2021, том 21, № 3 Oliinyk, I., . Modern Approaches to Analysis of Technical and Tactical Actions of Skilled Volleyball Players 2. Based on the analysis of success and performance indicators of the competitive activity of Ukraine's national volleyball team in the qualifying tournament of the 2019 European Championship (group F), it can be said that the modified algorithm of special analysis of indicators of technical and tactical actions showed high efficiency.

Disclosure statement
No author has any financial interest or received any financial benefit from this research.