MANAGEMENT OF TRAINING PROCESS OF TEAM SPORTS ATHLETES DURING THE COMPETITION PERIOD ON THE BASIS OF PROGRAMMING (FOOTBALL-BASED)

The purpose of the study was to experimentally substantiate the effectiveness of organization of structural arrangements of the training process in skilled football players within the limits of the competition period on the basis of programming. Material and methodology. 18 skilled football players of “Burevisnyk” student team took part in the research. The average age of participants was 19.8 ± 5.8 years and the qualification was category 1. The programme of the competition period of the skilled football players consisted of four blocks: the first one included the types and ratios of the training work, the second one included quantitative indexes of training sessions (non-specific, specific, comprehensive) and games (educational, control, official), and the third one included the ratio of means (general preparatory exercises, special preparatory exercises, developing exercises, competitive exercises) and training loads (aerobic, mixed aerobic and anaerobic, anaerobic alactic, anaerobic glycolytic loads), and the fourth one included preparedness criteria. Results. We have redistributed training loads of various orientation by taking into account the specifics of competitive loads in skilled football players. Thus, shares of loads of the aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic orientation at the formative stage of the experiment were increased by 53.6 and 3.0 %, respectively, and the loads of the mixed and anaerobic alactic orientation were decreased by 40.0 and 3.4 %, respectively. Positive dynamics of indexes of physical (1.2-2.2 %) and functional (5.4-6.7 %) preparedness and competitive activity (3.6-23.8 %) of skilled football players at the formative phase of the experiment in comparison to the ascertaining phase was evident. Conclusions. Theoretical and methodical aspects of programming of the training process may be conditioned upon the hierarchical structure, in which smaller programmatic structural arrangements are subordinate to the larger ones; the objectives with respect to the training programmes at every phase of the training macrocycle; general and special principles of athlete training; algorithmicity, i.e. step-by-step planning and correction of managerial influences; proper selection of training means and use of training loads with different focuses in the process of training cycles; use of informational criteria for control at every phase of the training process.


Introduction
Preparatory, competitive and transitional periods of the macrocycle are successive stages of the process of managing the development of sports form. Maintaining sports form in players during the long-lasting competition period for team sports is one of the central problems in the system of athlete training . Objective regularities of organism development do not allow for an increase in the training load. Due to this fact, experts continue to hold discussions on the optimum parameters of physical loads in athletes during the competition period. And specifically, works by Andrade et al. (2018) and Duarte et al. (2019) studied the peculiarities of training loads and recovery in volleyball players during the competition period. Assessment of external and internal side of the training load in elite football players during the competitive period was presented in the studies by Oliveira et al. (2019). The purpose of studies by Manzi et al. (2010) was to determine main parameters of physical loads in elite basketball players during various regimens of weekly microcycles, depending on the calendar of competitions.
Thus, taking into account modern tendencies of the development of team sports, among which the expansion of competition calendar and the increase in the competition practice should be given first priority, while the need for optimization of the training process in players during the competition period becomes evident (Andrade et al., 2018;Kostiukevych, Lazarenko, Shchepotina, Poseletska et al., 2019). It becomes possible due to rational planning of stimulation and recovery phases, i.e. regimens of load and rest for the purpose of forming urgent, delayed and cumulative training effects (Bompa & Haff, 2009;Platonov, 2013;Koryahin, Blavt, Doroshenko et al., 2020). However, on the basis of traditional planning which determines only the distribution of quantitative parameters of training work in structural arrangements of a macrocycle it is difficult to consider the training process of athletes in dynamics in conjunction with different sides of training (Kostiukevich, Stasiuk, Shchepotina et al., 2017). And most importantly, planning does not allow to determine direct impact on the formation of training effects. For this purpose, programming of training process may be used in the structure of managerial influences (Gerhard, 2009;Khudolii, 2019;Adamchuk, 2020).
Theoretical and methodical foundations of programming in the system of training in team sports athletes were substantiated by a wide circle of specialists, however, primarily with respect to separate components of training. And specifically, multidirectional programmes of physical training in female volleyball players were presented in the works by Malikova et al. (2018) and Veličković et al. (2018). As for football players' training, Karsten et al. (2016) proposed to use programming method in the process of strength-focused training of players. Comprehensive programme for the development of physical qualities in football players was presented in the study by Chtara et al. (2017). A more substantive approach was proposed by Shamardin (2013): the author developed two variants of training of a football team which takes part only in the championship of Ukraine and of a team which takes part in the Eurocup.
Presented analysis of literary sources allows to claim that the problem of programming of training process in athletes is relevant and promising. At the same time, the accumulated data related to the peculiarities of programming of athlete training in the team sports requires further study and clarification. Therefore, substantiation of scientific and methodical approach to the development of programmes of structural arrangements of the training process in athletes of team sports within the limits of an annual macrocycle and the ways of its practical fulfilment remains opportune which encouraged our study.
Study hypothesis: it is foreseen that the programming of structural arrangements of the training process in skilled football players within the limits of the competition period allows to optimize training loads by way of targeted managerial influences.
The purpose of study was to experimentally substantiate the effectiveness of organization of structural arrangements of the training process in skilled football players within the limits of the competition period on the basis of programming.

Study participants
18 skilled football players of "Burevisnyk" student team took part in the research. The average age of participants was 19.8±5.8 years and the qualification was category 1. The criteria for inclusion of football players into the sample was their game status: a starter player or an active backup player. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University and all the procedures were in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The participants gave an informed consent for participation in the experiment.

Study organization
The study was conducted over the period of two years. The ascertaining phase of the experiment was conducted over the first year and the formation phase was conducted over the second year. Pedagogical supervision of the training process of the studied football team was conducted during the ascertaining experiment. Real time monitoring of the training work which foresaw recording of the nature and duration of exercises and heart rate of players on special forms during the performance of exercises using heart rate monitor Polar RS800CX allowed to determine: 1) general volume of motor activities in athletes (minutes, hours); 2) load value coefficient (LVC) using the method of V.A. Sorvanov (Godik, 2006). LVC was calculated as a result of multiplication of the duration of the exercise by its intensity in points depending on the heart rate (Kostiukevich, Stasiuk, Shchepotina et al., 2017): intensity of exercise with the heart rate 114 bpm was evaluated in 1 point; 120 bpm -2 points; 126 bpm -3 points; 132 bpm -4 points; 138 bpm -5 points; 144 bpm -6 points; 150 bpm -7 points; 156 bpm -8 points; 162 bpm -10 points; 168 bpm -12 points; 174 bpm -14 points; 180 bpm -17 points; 186 bpm -21 points; 192 bpm -25 points; 198 bpm -33 points; 3) load intensity using the coefficient of the training load intensity (CItl) was determined as a ratio of the LVC to the duration of the training session in minutes (CItl, point·min -1 ); 4) ratio of multidirectional means while taking into account the specifics of the team sports: general preparedness exercises, special preparedness exercises, developing and competitive exercises (Platonov, 2013;Kostiukevich, 2016); 5) ratio of physical loads with various physiological orientation: loads of aerobic, mixed aerobic-anaerobic, anaerobic alactate or anaerobic glycolytic orientation (Johnson, Haskvitz, & Brehn, 2009;Wilmore, Costill, & Kenney, 2012;Platonov, 2013).
Pedagogical testing allowed to determine the indexes of physical preparedness in players and foresaw the use of tests: 30 m run from high start (the best result out of two attempts was taken into account, with a rest interval of 3-5 minutes), 7×50 m shuttle run (running seven fifty meter stretches with a mandatory condition that the support leg is put over the start and finish line), long jump from the spot (three attempts ТМФВ, 2021, том 21, № 2 ISSN 1993-7989 (print). ISSN 1993-7997 (online). Теорія та методика фізичного виховання. Том 21, № 2 were made and the best result among them was recorded), Cooper test (continuous run during 12 minutes with determination of the distance which the player overcame; the test was preceded by 5 minute rest after warm-up). All the tests were conducted according to the generally accepted method after an obligatory warm-up, they correspond to the requirements of reliability and informativeness and are standard for assessment of physical preparedness in football players (Godik, 2006;Kostiukevich, Stasiuk, Shchepotina et al., 2017). Athletes were first given instructions on the correctness of the performance of test exercises. Pedagogical testing was organized over the period of two days: 30 m run and 7×50 m shuttle run on the first day, long jump from the stop and Cooper test on the second day.
Maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) was determined by indirect method and was based on the high correlation between physical preparedness and aerobic productivity of an organism (Karpman, Belotserkovskiy, & Gudkov, 1988). According to the method for conducting a run-based variant of the test PWC 170(V) (Kostiukevich, 2016) the players performed two 5-minute run loads by overcoming the distances of 700-900 and 1100-1300 m accordingly, with their heart rate being recorded at the end of the first and second load (the period of rest between run loads made 5 minutes). PWC 170(V) was determined using the formula: where: ∑ = n i TTA 1 -total amount of technical and tactical actions; t -time played by a player in a match.
2. The mobility coefficient (MC) characterized the general mobility of the player during the match, his desire to perform technical and tactical actions in motion in different parts of the field: 6. The creativity coefficient (CC) allowed us to integrally evaluate the player's game creativity in the confrontation whereas: V 1 and V 2 represent run speed during the first and second run loads (determined as a ratio between the distance length and the time for overcoming the distance), m·s -1 ; f 1 and f 2 represent heart rate immediately after the first and second run load, bpm.
The results of completion of the 7×50 m shuttle run by football players allowed to determine the overall index of adaptation by Nevmianov which characterized the level of adaptation of the player's organism to loads of anaerobic glycolytic orientation (Kostiukevych, 2016): whereas: t is the time of performance of 7×50 m shuttle run test; f 1 , f 2 , f 3 is heart rate over 10 seconds at the end of the first, second and third minute of recovery.
The assessment of the competitive activity of football players was performed on the basis of 6 developed specific indexes (coefficients of intensity, mobility, aggressiveness, efficiency, single combat efficiency, creativity) as well as overall assessment, the method of determination of which is described in detail in our previous studies (Kostiukevych, Imas, Borysova et al., 2018;Kostiukevych, Shchepotina, & Vozniuk, 2020).
1. The intensity coefficient (IC) determined the overall activity of the player in the game: ТМФВ, 2021, том 21, № 2 Shchepotina, N.,  with the opponent. Usually a player with a high creativity coefficient must be confident in his actions, have a wide arsenal of technical and tactical actions and be able to apply them in accordance with the situation: (10) where: DP -developing passes; SP -sharpening passes; GPgoal passes; GK -goal kicks; G -goals.
7. The integral assessment (IA) of player was determined by the sum of six specific indicators and was one of the criteria for creating an athlete rating : IA = IC + MC + AC + EC + SCEC + CC (11). Results of the ascertaining experiment provided scientific and methodical basis for programming the training process in football players during the competition period. Programming of structural arrangements of the training process consisted in the progressive development of the interconnected programmes of periods, microcycles, training sessions and their parts (training tasks) which definitely included load components for targeted formation of urgent, delayed and cumulative training effects. Programmes of structural arrangements of the training process in football players were based on the regularities of the development of adaptation processes, general principles of athlete training, peculiarities of athlete training in team sports etc. (Matveev, 2010;Wilmore, Costill, & Kenney, 2012;Platonov, 2013).
Programme of the competition period of the skilled football players consisted of four blocks ( fig. 1): the first one included the types and ratios of the training work, the second one included quantitative indexes of training sessions (nonspecific, specific, comprehensive) and games (educational, control, official) and the third one included the ratio of means (general preparatory exercises, special preparatory exercises, developing exercises, competitive exercises) and training loads (aerobic, mixed aerobic and anaerobic, anaerobic alactate, anaerobic glycolytic loads) and the fourth one included preparedness criteria.
The fulfilment of the proposed programme of competitive period was carried out through the logical flowchart of the microcycles programme ( fig. 2). Main target tasks for each microcycle were: formation of training effects, adaptation of players to training and competitive loads, improvement of technical and tactical skills.
Programmes for microcycles of various types, i.e. competitive, intergame, recovery microcycles, were developed for the competitive period. The structure of the microcycle proposed by Kostiukevich (2016) was taken as a basis. Load components were clearly regulated in each microcycle: volume, load value and intensity, training means etc.
The development of programmes of training sessions which solved the tasks of adaptation of football players to loads took into account such regularities and principles of formation of training effects as superloads and stress syndrome, dose/effect dependence, specificity, reversibility of the action, positive interaction, adaptation coherence (Bompa & Haff, 2009;Matveev, 2010;Platonov, 2013). Taking these regularities into account, fig. 3 shows the dynamics of load, intensity and orientation of 6-day competitive microcycle of preparedness of the skilled football players.

Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics was used during mathematical processing of study outcomes. The mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) were determined. In order to determine statistical reliability in the difference of indexes of preparedness  -loads of mixed orientation; -loads of anaerobic alactate orientation; -loads of anaerobic glycolytic orientation and competitive activity of football players at the ascertaining and formulation phases of the experiment, Student's t-criterion was used for dependent samples. The difference between indexes was considered reliable at the levels of significance р < 0.05 and р < 0.01. Mathematical processing of the results was conducted using the package "Data analysis" of MS Office Excel software (Byshevets, Shynkaruk, Stepanenko et al, 2019). ТМФВ, 2021, том 21, № 2

Results
The content of the training process of the studied football team at the formation phase of the experiment was significantly changed. Besides, the volume of training loads was reduced from 9022 min (150,4 hours) at the ascertaining phase up to 8250 min (137,5 hours) at the formation phase. The structure of the competitive period included eight 7-day competitive (recovery and developing), two 6-day competitive (recovery and developing), one 5-day competitive (developing), three 4-day competitive (developing) and four 3-day recovery microcycles (table 1).
Besides, in comparison with the ascertaining phase of experiment we have redistributed training loads of various orientation by taking into account the specifics of competitive loads in skilled football players ( fig. 4). Thus, shares of loads of aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic orientation at the formation stage of the experiment were increased by 53.6 and 3.0% accordingly and the loads of the mixed and anaerobic alactate orientation were decreased by 40.0 і 3.4% accordingly.
Positive dynamics of indexes of physical and functional preparedness and competitive activity of skilled football players at the phase of the formation experiment in comparison to the ascertaining phase (table 2) was evident. Besides, the level of demonstration of speed endurance in football players reliably improved (р = 0.05) by 2.2% based on the index of 7×50 m shuttle run which significantly contributed to the increase in the share of loads of anaerobic glycolytic orientation. The rest of indexes of physical preparedness in players showed positive dynamics within the limits of 1.2-1.4 % (р > 0.05).
An increase in the share of loads of aerobic orientation showed itself in a statistically reliable improvement of functional indexes in football players which characterized the level of physical ability to work using the indexes PWC 170(V) and PWC 170 multiplied by 6.7% (р = 0.00) and 6.9% (р = 0.05) accordingly and aerobic productivity using the relative index of VO 2max(rel) multiplied by 5.8% (р = 0.04).
Regulation of load components, quantitative indexes of training sessions and games, ratio of means for training football players which became possible due to the use of programming allowed to perform targeted managerial influences, to optimise the training process and contributed to the reliable improvement of majority of specific indexes and overall assessment of competitive activity in football players. Thus, the intensity coefficient at the phase of the formation experi-ment, in comparison with the ascertaining phase, increased by 14.1% (p = 0.01), the mobility coefficient increased by 14.4% (p = 0.00), the efficiency coefficient increased by 11.6% (p = 0.00) and the creativity coefficient increased by 23.8% (p = 0.01). An increase in the specific indexes of competitive activity resulted in a statistically reliable increase of the integral assessment by 11.1% (p = 0.01). It is worth noting that we regarded the overall assessment as the most important index of competitive activity in football players.

Discussion
Based on the generalization of outcomes of previous studies (Gerhard, 2009;Chtara et al., 2017;Kostiukevych, Lazarenko, Shchepotina, Poseletska et al., 2019), it should be noted that modern tendencies of the development of team sports allow for the viability and efficiency of use of programming for the purpose of optimization of athletes' training. In contrast to the traditional planning, targeted fulfilment of managerial influences is carried out by way of creation of targeted programmes of structural arrangements of the training process in football players. And, above all, regulation of load components is exceptionally important for the formation of training effects (Platonov, 2013;Kostiukevych, Lazarenko, Shchepotina, Kulchytska et al., 2019). Our study substantiates theoretical and methodical foundation for pro- Notes: LVC is a load value coefficient; CІ tl is a coefficient of training load intensity Fig. 4 The ratio of training loads of various orientation during the competition period in skilled football players at the ascertaining and formation phases of the pedagogical experiment is the following: -ascertaining phase; -formation phase Notes: * -the difference in the results is statistically reliable at the level of р < 0.05; ** -the difference in the results is statistically reliable at the level of р < 0.01; M -mean; SD -standard deviation gramming structural arrangements of the training process in skilled football players during the competition period. Practical fulfilment of the proposed approach as well as its experimentally substantiated efficiency are reflected in the process of preparation of the studied football team "Burevisnyk". During the period of stabilization of the sports form the outcomes are increased, however within the limits of capabilities allowed for by the regularities of maintenance of the current sports form (Matveev, 2010;Platonov, 2013;Kostiukevych, Lazarenko, Shchepotina, Kulchytska et al., 2019). During the competition period a positive tendency of indexes of physical and functional preparedness in football players was evident. It contributed to a more efficient participation of football players in the competitive activity as specific peculiarities of the football game allow for a high level of demonstration of specifically speed qualities, speed and strength qualities and, first of all, speed endurance which corresponds to the player's movement during a match which resembles the shuttle run.
Reliability of use of integral assessment as an objective and informative criterion of effectiveness of competitive activity in skilled football players has been confirmed. Analysis of technical and tactical activity of players based only on quantitative and qualitative indexes is not always objective and sufficiently efficient for managerial influences (Solovey, Mitova, Solovey et al., 2020;Kostiukevych, Shchepotina, & Vozniuk, 2020). Integral assessment is based on comprehen-sive accounting of technical and tactical activity of football players as it takes into account the coordination complexity of the fulfilment of technical and tactical actions, their tactical meaning, roles of players etc. (Kostiukevych, Imas, Borysova et al., 2018). The improvement of specific indexes of integral assessment of competitive activity of the studied football team clearly shows, on the one side, an increase in the technical and tactical skills of players and, on the other hand, a change in the tactics of the game of the team with an orientation toward a more aggressive tactical model of the game.
We have supplemented the results of the study by Oliveira, Brito, Martins et al (2019) with respect to such parameters of the training process in football players during the competition period as load volume and directly run work with the data on the volume and ratio of means and types of preparation, quantitative indexes of training sessions of different pedagogical orientation. The data on the control of indexes of physical (Godik, 2006;Karsten, Larumbe-Zabala, Kandemir et al., 2016) and functional preparedness (Shamardin, 2013;Slimani, Znazen, Miarka et al., 2019) and competitive activity (Kostiukevych, Imas, Borysova et al., 2018;Kostiukevych, Shchepotina, & Vozniuk, 2020) in skilled football players were further developed. Besides, the obtained data on the volume and ratio of training loads of various orientation in skilled football players of the student team supplement and expand the outcomes of the study by Shamardin (2013) on elite football players.