DYNAMICS OF BODY TYPE INDICATORS OF ADULT WOMEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF AQUA FITNESS

The study purpose was to determine the effectiveness of a differentiated approach to aqua fitness classes with women of the first period of adulthood. Materials and methods. 30 adult women, whose average age was 30.57 years, took part in the study. The study was conducted during 2019-2020. Anthropometric measurements included body length, body weight, chest, shoulder, calf, thigh, waist, buttocks and wrist circumferences. To determine the overweight we calculated the body mass index. Measurements were taken at the end of each mesocycle of wellness training. Statistical analysis covered determination of mean, standard deviation, reliability of the differences (Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Results. The effectiveness of a differentiated approach to aqua fitness classes was proven by improvement of women’s body type. By the end of the study, there were no women with obesity class II and underweight. The number of women with obesity class I decreased by 3.33%. The number of women with normal body weight increased by 13.37%. Conclusions. The implementation of a differentiated approach to aqua fitness classes with adult women has significantly corrected their body proportions. This allows recommending a differentiated approach according to a body type to implement into aqua fitness classes.

The most popular type of wellness classes that allows women to improve their body type is aqua fitness (Rýzková, Labudov, Grznár, & Šmída, 2018). Aqua fitness affect the functional state of the body, the level of psycho-emotional state. They are a major factor in slowing down the aging process, maintaining good health and increasing physical ТМФВ, 2021, том 21, № 2 ISSN 1993-7989 (print). ISSN 1993-7997 (online). Теорія та методика фізичного виховання. Том 21, № 2 sotskaya et al., 2020; Foulis et al., 2021) confirmed data about the expediency of using body type indicators as a criterion for the differentiation in the process of physical education. However, these works do not reveal the features of differentiated approaches to aqua fitness classes with women of the first period of adulthood with different body types.
The study purpose was to determine the dynamics of adult women's physique under the influence of aqua fitness classes using a differentiated approach to training depending on their body type.

Study participants
The study involved 30 women of the first period of adulthood. Women were divided by body type into 3 subgroups of 10 people each. The first subgroup included 10 women of normosthenic body type with normal body weight. The second subgroup involved 3 women of asthenic body type (1 woman with dystrophy of II degree and 2 ones -with dystrophy of I degree) and 7 women of normosthenic type with body weight at the lower limit of normal. The third subgroup comprised 10 women of hypersthenic body type (7 women with obesity class I and 3 ones -with obesity class II). The average age of women was 30.57 ± 3.63 years. All study participants gave written consent to participate in the study.

Study organization
The study was conducted during 2019-2020 years in fitness-club Sport Life in Dnipropetrovsk region (Ukraine). A differentiated approach was introduced in aqua fitness classes with women of mature age. The aim is to increase the level of physical state due to a marked improvement of women`s morphological parameters according to a body type and improvement of the functional capabilities, the development of physical qualities. For women of asthenic type we proposed to tone muscle tissue and increase body size, for women of normosthenic type -to maintain the current level of body size, for women of hypertensive type -reduction of the comprehensive body size).
The whole health and training process was divided into three stages -preparatory, basic and supporting. The main stage was divided into mesocycles. Mesocycles contained loading and recovery microcycles. During the loading microcycles, the volume, intensity, nature of motor activity, starting positions and equipment were gradually varied, increased and became more complicated.
Wellness classes were conducted three times per week for 45 minutes. Classes were designed according to the complex type of lesson.
The duration of the preparatory part of class was 10 minutes Heart rate ranged from 100 to 120 beats per minute. The main task is to prepare the body, muscles and joints to perform the main load.
The content of the main part was aimed at correcting morphological parameters according to the body type of women. Duration -25 minutes.
Classes for women of asthenic type were aimed at toning muscle tissue and increasing the overall size of the body, improving the functional capabilities and development of physical qualities. Cyclic, acyclic, strength and complex coor-dination exercises were used. The exercises were aimed at the simultaneous work of large muscle groups of the legs, torso and arms. During the first two months of training (the stage of achieving the physical shape), women performed exercises without equipment at an average and above the average pace. Rest pauses between series of exercises lasted 15 seconds. From the third month (the stage of maintaining the physical shape), women performed 70-80% of exercises with equipment (Noodles, Aqua-jogger, Aqua-dumbbell). Intensity of loads was average and above the average. Rest pauses between series of exercises lasted 10-15 seconds. Heart rate ranged from 120 to 130 beats per minute. The amplitude of performance varied from above to maximum and vice versa.
Women of normosthenic type were offered strength endurance, cyclic, acyclic and high-intensity coordination exercises. It was taken into account that women of this type of physique need to maintain the existing level of body size, functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. During the stage of achieving the physical shape, women performed exercises without equipment at above the average (heart rate was 120-130 beats per minute) and high pace (heart rate was 130-160 beats per minute). At the stage of maintaining the physical shape, 50% of exercises were performed with equipment with a high pace. Depending on the type of exercise, the rest between series was 5-10 seconds, the amplitude of performance varied from minimum to average, from average to maximum, from maximum to minimum.
Hypertensive type of women required weight loss and size parameters. They used cyclic aerobic exercises of strength endurance focus, acyclic exercises and exercises of complex-coordination focus with high and average intensity. During the stage of achieving the physical shape, women performed exercises without equipment with average pace (heart rate was 90-120 beats per minute). Rest between series was 15-20 seconds depending on the type of exercise. At the stage of maintaining the physical shape, exercises were performed at a higher than the average (heart rate was 120-130 beats per minute) and high (heart rate was 130-160 beats per minute) rates. Aqua fitness exercises were varied: 30% -with equipment and 70% -without equipment. Depending on the type of exercise, the rest between series was 10-15 seconds, the amplitude varied from minimum to average, from average to maximum, from maximum to minimum.
The final part of the class lasted 10 minutes. The main task was to return to the initial state of pulse and respiration, to relieve muscle tension.
The current control was performed three times during the study -at the end of each mesocycle (on November, on December, on February). The dynamics of physique indicators of adult women under the influence of a differentiated approach was studied. The program of aqua fitness classes was corrected according to the results of current control.
Anthropometric examination was performed by standard devices according to the known unified method: chest (cm), shoulder (cm), calf (cm), thigh (cm), waist (cm), buttocks (cm) and wrist (cm) circumferences with measuring tape; body weight (kg) was determined with medical scales.
To determine the overweight the body mass index was calculated (Krutsevich, Vorobjov & Bezverhnya, 2011). Assessment of body shape harmony was performed by calculating the index of proportionality of circumferential sizes by dividing the value of body length (cm) to the circumferential sizes of different body parts (cm) and comparing actual and normative values (Krutsevich, Vorobjov, & Bezverhnya, 2011). ТМФВ, 2020, том 21, № 2 Pirohova, K.,

Statistical analysis
Study results were processed using the "Data Analysis" package of Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were determined. The reliability of the differences was estimated by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test; the withdrawal was considered to be reliable at р < 0.05-0.01 (Byshevets et al., 2019).

Results
In order to determine the effectiveness of a differentiated approach in aqua fitness classes with women of mature age, we studied the dynamics of their body type indicators.
Analysis of the dynamics of body composition of women from the first subgroup of normosthenic type (Table 1) during the current control no 2 showed a statistically significant decrease in shoulder circumference and waist (p < 0.05). Current control no 3 recorded a statistically significant improvement in body weight, body mass index (p < 0,01), shoulder circumference, waist, thigh and wrist (p < 0.05). At the end of the study, statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05-0.01) was determined in body mass index, shoulder, thigh, waist and wrist circumferences within the age norm.
Women from the second subgroup (Table 2) mostly needed to tone their muscle tissue. Statistically significant changes in the circumferential parameters of the shoulder ТМФВ, 2020, том 21, № 2 Pirohova, K., . Dynamics of Body Type Indicators of Adult Women Under the Influence of Aqua Fitness (p < 0.05) and buttocks (p < 0.4) were recorded at the stage of the second current control. Current control no 3 determined an increase in muscle tone of shoulder (p < 0.01), thigh (p < 0.05), buttocks (p < 0.01) circumferences. At the end of the study we recorded a statistically significant improvement in body mass index (p < 0.01), shoulder (p < 0.01), waist (p < 0.05), thigh (p < 0.05), buttocks (p < 0.01), calf (p < 0.05) and wrist (p < 0.05) circumferences in women of this subgroup. Women of the third subgroup required weight loss and circumference parameters (Table 3). Current control no 1 and 2 recorded statistically insignificant changes in women`s circumference parameters. Current control no 3 revealed a statistically significant decrease in body weight (p < 0.05), body mass index, shoulder, waist, thigh, wrist (p < 0.05) circumferences. At the end of the study, all body parameters of women (except for curl circumference) had a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.01).
In order to assess the effectiveness of the implemented differentiated approach in aqua fitness with women of the first period of adulthood, the dynamics of changes in their body mass index was estimated. At the end of the study, there were no women with obesity class II and underweight. The number of women with obesity class I decreased by 3.33%. The number of women with normal body weight increased by 13.37%.

Discussion
Researchers have shown that most women of the first period of adulthood choose aqua fitness to increase their level of motor activity and improve body composition (Rýzková et al., 2018;Shalaeva et al., 2018;Vysotskaya et al., 2020). This causes a necessity of the development of new modern programs of wellness classes for women, taking into account the indicators of their physique (Dorofeeva et al., 2018;Byshevets et al., 2019;Leiros-Rodriguez et al., 2019;Andrieieva et al., 2019;Goncharova et al., 2020).
We have developed and implemented a differentiated approach to aqua fitness classes with women of the first mature age, depending on their body type. This approach also took into account the compositional constitution of the body. The intensity of the load, the pace and time of exercise and combination performance, the number of repetitions, the alternation of working positions and rest intervals depended on the body type of women.
The results of the study show that at the end of the study, the majority of women had a normal body weight. Body mass index in 100% of women of the first and second subgroups was within normal limits. In the third subgroup, 10% of women had this indicator within normal limits, 50% had overweight, and 40% had obesity class I.
Knowledge about the impact of fitness on the correction of physical condition of overweight women (Borovik, 2013;Andrieieva et al., 2019;Goncharova et al., 2020) were further developed. Information about methods of physical training with use physical activity of various types based on body composition (Shutova & Vysotskaya, 2019), some issues of complex aqua fitness classes to improve women's physical fitness (Shalaeva, et al., 2018;Podrihalo et al., 2020) were continued.
Information about the features of building a comprehensive program of wellness training for adult women (Artemyeva, Latvinska & Moshenska, 2020; Prylutska et al., 2019), the positive impact of aqua fitness on adult women's body Sarah, Derek & Katie, 2019;Williams, Barreria & Тseh, 2020) was extended and supplemented.

Conclusions
The implementation of a differentiated approach to aqua fitness with women of the first period of adulthood has significantly adjusted their body proportions. To the end of the study, there were no women with obesity class II and underweight. The number of women with obesity class I decreased by 3.33%. The number of women with normal body weight increased by 13.37%.
According to women's body type we determined statistically significant improvements of their anthropometric parameters. Women with normosthenic body type had statistically significant improvement in body mass index, shoulder, thigh, waist and wrist circumferences within the age norm. A statistically significant improvement in body mass index, shoulder, waist, thigh, buttocks, calf and wrist circumferences was recorded in women of asthenic body type. Women with hypersthenic body type had statistically significant improvement of all body parameters except for curl circumference.
This indicates the effectiveness of the implemented differentiated approach in aqua fitness with women of these subgroups and allows recommending it for further implementation.