CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPECIAL PHYSICAL FITNESS OF PADDLERS AT A DISTANCE OF 200 M

The aim of the study. The overall goal of this manuscript was to gain a better understanding of differences in the level of functional support for special endurance for paddlers of uniform groups (in terms of sports qualification): men kayakers, men canoeists, and women kayakers who specialize in a distance of 200 m. Material and methods. 20 qualified paddlers’ level of functionality is being assessed, among them are a group of elite athletes, the members of the Chinese national team and winners of the 2018 Asian Games. Results. The important feature of the analysis is the evaluation of the structure of the ergonomic power of a 30-second maximum load. Estimating the average value of the ergometric power of work for 25-30 seconds of operation in accordance with the average power of the entire 30-second load made it possible to determine the ratio of the anaerobic alactic and lactic abilities of the athletes, taking into account the requirements of a 200-meter race for canoe and kayak paddlers. A significant range of individual differences in the indices of reactive properties of the cardiorespiratory system, which are determined by the ratio of the partial pressure of СО2 and the maximum level of pulmonary ventilation (VE/PaCO2) during the10 and 30 second test task, attracts attention. The range of VE/PaCO2 indicators was: the relation of partial pressure СО2 to pulmonary ventilation in the 10 s test – 2.3 ± 0.8 for men kayakers; 2.3 ± 0.7 for men canoeists; 2.2 ± 0.5 for women kayakers; the relation of partial pressure СО2 to pulmonary ventilation in the 30 s test – 3.9 ± 1.0 for men kayakers; 3.8 ± 1.1 for men canoeists; 3.6 ± 0.7 for women kayakers. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate differences in the level of functional support for special endurance for paddlers of uniform groups (in terms of sports qualification): kayakers and canoeists who specialize in a distance of 200 m.


Introduction
At present, there is no doubt that all athletes who have achieved high sports results have a high functional potential, which is characteristic for the kind of competition in canoe and kayak rowing (Kong et al., 2018;López-Plaza et al., 2019;Kong et al., 2020). In many respects, the functional potential of paddlers on canoes and kayaks is determined by the availability of high capacity energy supply systems (Tesch, 1983;Sheykhlouvand et al., 2018;Pickett et al., 2018;Paquette et al., 2018). The system for diagnosing the power of the energy supply system for paddlers of high qualification at different distances is presented before (García-Pallarés et al., 2009;Guo et al., 2020;Diachenko et al., 2020).
Previous research has shown the predictive power of V · O 2 max, maximal aerobic power (MAP), lactate threshold (LT 2 ), the energy cost of kayaking per unit distance for 1000, 500 and 200-m performance in Kayak athletes from national to international level (Fry & Morton, 1991;Bishop et al. 2002;van Someren & Howatson, 2008;Zamparo et al., 1999;Borges et al., 2015). In addition to a large contribution of the aerobic system, Kayak athletes, also benefit from higher anaerobic capacities. Indeed, Sprint Kayak intensities are typically contested above lactate threshold, showing that energy is also provided from non-oxidative sources.
Moreover, several studies have shown that anaerobic capacities such as peak power, total work and peak lactate concentration in a 30-s "all-out" effort on kayak ergometer all have large-to-very large correlations with 200, 500 and 1000m on-water performance (van Someren & Palmer, 2003;van Someren & Howatson, 2008;Borges et al., 2015).
However, the relationship of other fitness variables such as the respiratory system reactance to the increase of metabolic acidosis parameters and 200 -m Sprint Kayak performance in well-trained athletes has yet to be explored (Borges et al., 2015).
The training practices require review, especially in the case of qualified paddlers, as this group may begin to specialise their training toward this new format (Dyachenko, 2007;Kong et al., 2019).
The aim of the study: gain a better understanding of differences in the level of functional support for special endurance for paddlers of uniform groups (in terms of sports qualification) for men-kayak, for men-canoe and for women-kayak that specialize in a distance of 200 m.

Subject
Depending on the purpose of the research phase, the theoretical and experimental parts of the research were conducted at different training periods at the national aquatic sports training centers in Beihai, Zhizhao (PRC). 20 qualified paddlers are in the process of assessing the level of functionality, among them a group of elite athletes, the members of the Chinese national team and winners of the 2018 Asian Games.

Research protocol
Physical Characteristics, Gas exchange, HR, and blood lactate measurements.
HR was recorded every 5 s with an HR monitor (S610 Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland).
The blood lactate concentration ([La]b) was determined using a portable lactate analyzer (Biosen S. line lab +) on a blood sample obtained from the ear lobe at the end of the test.
All the sportsmens performed an incremental exercise test on separate days, with at least 24 hours and no longer than 3 days between.
Depending on the purpose of the research phase, the theoretical and experimental parts of the research were conducted at different training periods at the national aquatic sports training centers in Beihai, Zhizhao (PRC).
The testing program is built in the form of test battery, each test solving a task to assess certain component of anaerobic abilities of athletes and cardiorespiratory system response. Test tasks were performed in a strictly determined sequence. It was important to preserve the parameters of the ergometric power of work which provided for the energy release in anaerobic alactate and anaerobic lactate (glycolytic) way, as well as the length of the rest intervals. The rest interval between 30 s and 90 s and work with maximum intensity provided the conditions for the release of lactic acid into the blood and the increase of the concentration of blood lactate in the muscles before the final maximum work. The testing program was built in the form of test battery, each test solving a certain task. Test tasks were performed in a strictly determined sequence.
It was important to preserve the individual maximum parameters of the ergometric power of work and the length of the rest intervals. The rest interval between 10 and 30 s work was one minute, between 30 s and 90 s work -five minutes. This provided for a full recovery and diagnostics of the structure of the reaction of anaerobic energy supply of sprint paddlers -anaerobic alactate and lactate (glycolytic) power, anaerobic capacity. The test program also created the conditions for the display of the cardiorespiratory system reactive properties and the power of aerobic energy supply for the work.
It is noteworthy that in the assessment system presented in the table there are no indices of the degree of stress of the cardiorespiratory system of the body in the process of workthe parameters of the training impulse and the rate of recovery of the organism. This is due to the fact that the evaluation criteria are of an individual character and are considered in the dynamics for each particular athlete. They indicate the state of the athlete's body in the process of monitoring their functional abilities.
The research related to human use has complied with al the relevant national regulations and institutional policies; has followed the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the authors' institutional review board or al equivalent committee. Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

Statistical Analysis
The following methods of mathematical statistics were applied: descriptive statistics, selective method, Shapiro-Wilk's normality test, non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Methods of descriptive analysis were used, including tabular presentation of separate variables, calculation of mean arithmetic value (M), standard deviation (SD). The sample data for normality were tested with the normal distribution formula and the Shapiro-Wilks test. The level of p ≤ 0.05 (the probability of error) was assumed statistically significant.

Results
The indicators of the functional abilities of sprint paddlers, presented in Table 2 characterize high (unique) requirements for the level of development of specific aspects of functional support for special performance efficiency of paddlers at a distance of 200 m. This is indicated by the average values of the indices of paddlers from a homogeneous group, as well as by the data characterizing the functional abilities of sprint paddlers who have the highest sport results in the international arena. These data are systematized as a result of long-term observations of the leading athletes of China.
The range of the three highest indicators was:  Note. * -the indicators of the most successful athletes on the domestic and international arena; ** -indicators of the least successful athletes in the group of athletes • the relation of partial pressure СО 2 to pulmonary ventilation in 30 s test -3.9 ± 1.0 for men-kayak; 3.8 ± 1.1 for men-canoe; 3.6 ± 0.7 for women-kayak. The data presented in the table indicate that the group is homogeneous. This is evident from the low individual differences in the indices of the power supply system and the performance efficiency of the paddlers. At the same time, a significant range of individual differences in the indices of reactive properties of the cardiorespiratory system, which are determined by the ratio of the partial pressure of СО 2 and the maximum level of pulmonary ventilation (V E /PaCO 2 ) during 10 and 30 second test task, attracts attention.
Analysis of individual paddlers' data has established a trend in which the highest level of performance of sprinter paddlers is displayed under the condition of high response of the cardiorespiratory system. In this case, we are talking about the initial "neural" part of the reaction (in the test of 10 seconds) and the respiration reaction on the increase in metabolic acidosis during the 30-second test task. It is important to note that the characteristics of CO 2 emissions (VCO 2 , l·min -1 ) in the group of athletes did not differ significantly. The range of individual differences (CV) of VCO 2 was in the range of 6.3-6.7% for all categories of paddlers.
Analysis of the individual data of the five paddlers who had high scores (x > M) and five paddlers who had reduced scored (x < M) for performance as a result of execution of all the test tasks showed the differences in the performance of the paddlers, and the differences in physiological reactivity of the organism to the specific loads of sprinter paddlers.
They are presented on the basis of assessment of the performance and reactivity of the respiratory system of leading sprinter paddlers, prize-winners and participants in the finals of the world championships and the Olympic Games.
The analysis also showed that a decrease in the reactivity of the respiratory system to the growth of acidic shifts is a factor in reducing the possibility of realizing individual indices of aerobic and anaerobic power of energy reactions. This is evident from the ratio of the indices of РаСО 2 , VO 2 max (under special diagnostic conditions of VO 2 max) and the highest VO 2 value reached in the testing of the function of the sprinter paddlers (VO 2 max sprinttest ). The results of testing the paddlers, which had a ratio of VO 2 max sprinttest / VO 2 max at high -90% and higher, reduced -80.0% and lower than the indicator level, were being analyzed.
It is interesting to note that most of the leading athletes (6 out of 7) had higher levels of lactate concentration in special test tasks for sprinter paddlers. The level of lactate concentration in the seventh athlete as a result of the application of test tasks for the registration of VO 2 max and when performing the sprint test program was practically the same. A distinctive feature of the reaction of the organism of these athletes was a higher respiration rate on 10 s and 30 s of the load compared to the group of paddlers (n = 8), who had lower performance indicators. Differences were up to 41-52% in the test of 10 s and 49-63% in the test of 30 s.
An important feature of the analysis was the comparison of the ergometric power performance in 30 seconds and in the period of 25-30 seconds of execution. Athletes with a high level of functional preparedness, had all the performance characteristics presented at a pronounced high level. This indicated a balanced character of the manifestation of anaerobic alactate and anaerobic lactate capacity in the overall energy balance of execution.

Discussion
The Kayak program at the Olympic Games has changed with the inclusion of the 200-m events for both men and women. Up to and including the 2008 Beijing Olympics, male Sprint Kayak athletes had competed over 500 and 1000m races and women over 500m only. However, at the 2012 games the 200-m for men and women was included at the expense of the men's 500-m program. Due to the larger difference in raced distances in the new program, male athletes were required to focus their training and specialize in either the 200-m or 1000-m event and to date, little is known if women can focus on both the 200-m and 500-m. However, there is presently relatively little available empirical data on the race profiles and physiological demands of these events to inform coaches and scientists to develop evidence-based training programs for young developing athletes to compete in these events (Hagner-Derengowska et al., 2014;Kong et al., 2019). At the elite level, the men's individual Sprint Kayak race durations are approximately 35 and 204 s for the 200 and 1000-m, respectively. Further, for women's the 200-m lasts 39 to 40 s and K1 500 m performances range from 107 to 120 s for the winners. Additionally, men and women also have crew competitions with faster performances in K2 and K4 crafts for all these distances (200, 500 and 1000-m). It Sprint Kayak is an Olympic sport that requires the athletes to compete over 200-m (~35 s), 500-m (~110 s) and 1000-m (~215 s) in individual, double and four-seat boats (Bishop, 2004;van Someren & Howatson, 2008;Borges et al., 2015).
Well-trained Kayak athletes complete maximal 200-m time trials ~36.9-43.1 s, maintaining a mean power output of ~546 W, with an accumulated oxygen deficit of ~48.8 ml O2 Eq.kg-1. Conversely, 1000-m time trials last ~216-248 s with a mean power and accumulated oxygen deficit of ~226 ± 30 W and an ~31.0 ml O 2 Eq.kg -1 , respectively (van Someren & Palmer, 2003;Borges et al., 2015). These findings suggest elite Kayak athletes require specialised training programs, which vary in effort duration and effort to help optimally prepare them for specific race distances. However, at present there is a poor understanding of the appropriate training sessions that meet the demands of each of Kayak racing. Sprint Kayak athletes have presented scores for absolute V · O 2 max of 3.9 ± 0.7 (2.9-5.0) L·min -1 and relative 56.9 ± 8.5 (44.6-68.6) mL·kg -1 ·min -1 (Bishop et al., 2002, Garcia-Pallares et al., 2010Borges et al., 2015). Unfortunately, accurate comparison between studies is difficult as various exercise protocols, exercise modes and equipment have been used to measure these capacities. Nonetheless, based on current evidence, it seems that Sprint Kayak athletes would benefit from a well-developed aerobic system as the longer races are contested close to V · O 2 max (Jones & Burnley, 2009;Bishop, 2004).
Many authors have shown that other aerobic characteristics, such as maximal power output at V · O 2 max level and anaerobic traits like power produced during 30 s and 2-min and the accumulated oxygen deficit (Bishop, 2004;van Someren & Palmer, 2003, van Someren & Howatson, 2008 relate to Sprint Kayak performance, highlighting the importance of developing both metabolic pathways for competitive success. Reports from laboratory studies showed that, despite similar blood lactate responses (~9.6 ± 1.6 mmol·L -1 ), the shorter duration events (30 s maximal efforts) have higher ТМФВ, 2021, том 21, № 1 Diachenko, A., Rusanova, O., Guo, P., Kong, X., Huang, Z., & Guo, J. (2021). Characteristics of the Special Physical Fitness of Paddlers at a Distance of 200 m anaerobic oxygen deficit (~29% higher) compared to 120 s maximal efforts (Bishop, 2004;van Someren & Palmer, 2003). The results van Someren and Palmer (2003) demonstrate that superior upper body dimensions and anaerobic capacities distinguish international-level kayakers from nationallevel athletes and may be used to predict 200-m performance.
A training program with either excessive or insufficient training load may impair the training-induced adaptations. In order to monitor the athletes, there is the need first to objectively quantify the training loads with proper and valid methods (Carter et al., 2000;Impellizzeri et al., 2005;Nicolas et al., 2006;Poole et al., 2008;Simoneau, 1998).
An important feature of the assessment of the effect of the above-mentioned physiological stimuli of reactions is that paddlers with high qualifications and at the same high level of humoral stimulation, the kinetics of the reaction are distinguished by the rates of deployment and recovery of the cardiorespiratory system and aerobic energy supply, their mobility under conditions of increasing fatigue Miyamoto et al., 1987;Diachenko, 2004).

Conclusion
The important feature of the analysis is the evaluation of the structure of the ergonomic power of a 30-second maximum load. Estimating the average value of the ergometric power of work for 25-30 seconds of operation in accordance with the average power of the entire 30-second load made it possible to determine the ratio of the anaerobic alactate and lactate abilities of the athletes, taking into account the requirements of a 200-meter race for canoe and kayak rowing.
A significant range of individual differences in the indices of reactive properties of the cardiorespiratory system, which are determined by the ratio of the partial pressure of СО2 and the maximum level of pulmonary ventilation (VE/ PaCO2) during 10 and 30 second test task, attracts attention.